Physicists think they might have just detected a fifth force of nature
Get ready for next-level physics.
FIONA MACDONALD 26 MAY 2016
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Physics can be pretty intense at times, but one of the most straightforward aspects is that everything in the Universe is controlled by just four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetic, and strong and weak nuclear forces.
But now physicists in Hungary think they might have found evidence of a mysterious fifth force of nature. And, if verified, it would mean we'd need to rethink our understanding of how the Universe actually works.
Before we get into that, let's go back to those four forces for a second, because they're pretty important. They're a fundamental part of the standard model of physics, which explain all the behaviour and particles we see in the Universe.
Starting from the larger end of the scale, gravity is responsible for holding together the planets and gravity, and electromagnetic force is in charge of keeping our molecules together.
"At the smallest level are the two other forces: the strong nuclear force is the glue for atomic nuclei, and the weak nuclear force helps some atoms go through radioactive decay," writes Ryan F. Mandelbaum for Popular Science. "These forces seemed to explain the physics we can observe, more or less."
Evidence of this fifth force was spotted last year, when a team from the Hungarian Academy of Science reported that they'd fired protons at lithium-7, and in the fall out, had detected a brand new super-light boson that was only 34 times heavier than an electron.
As exciting as that sounds, the paper was mostly overlooked, until a team in the US published their own analysis of the data at the end of last month, on pre-print site arXiv.
The US team, led by Jonathan Feng from the University of California, Irvine, showed that the data didn't conflict with previous experiments, and calculated that the new boson could indeed be carrying a fifth fundamental force - which is when the science world started to get interested.
That paper hasn't been peer-reviewed as yet, so we can't get too excited, but it was uploaded so that the other physicists could scrutinise the results and add their own findings, which is what's happening now.
As Nature magazine reports, researchers around the world are racing to conduct follow-up tests to verify the Hungarian discovery, and we can expect results within around a year.
But if you're anything like me, you're probably wondering, what does a super-light boson have to do with a new force of nature?
This isn't the first time researchers have claimed to detect a fifth force (there's even a Wikipedia page for fifth force possibilities), but the search has really heated up over the past decade. Many scientists think there might be a particle out there called a 'dark photon', which could carry a new force that would explain dark matter - that invisible substance that makes up more than 80 percent of the Universe's mass.
That's what the Hungarian team, led by physicist Attila Krasznahorkay, were looking for. To do that, they fired protons at thin targets of lithium-7, a collision that created unstable beryllium-8 nuclei, which then decayed into pairs of electrons and positrons.
"According to the standard model, physicists should see that the number of observed pairs drops as the angle separating the trajectory of the electron and positron increases," Edwin Cartlidge writes for Nature.
But that wasn't what the team saw - at about 140 degrees, the number of these pairs jumped, creating a little bump before dropping off again at higher angles.
This 'bump' was evidence of a new particle, according to Krasznahorkay and his team. They calculated that the mass of this new particle would be around 17 megaelectronvolts, which isn't what was expected for the 'dark photon', but could be evidence of something else entirely.
"We are very confident about our experimental results," Krasznahorkay told Nature. He says that the chance of this bump being an anomaly is around 1 in 200 billion (but let's keep in mind that no other team has confirmed this as yet.)
The analysis by Feng's team in the US didn't involve a repeat of the experiment, but simply used calculations to verify that, theoretically at least, the proposed super-light boson Krasznahorkay detected could be capable of carrying a new fundamental force.
Like all good scientists, the physics community is pretty skeptical about the claims so far, especially seeing as the super-light boson wasn't what anyone expected to find.
"It certainly isn’t the first thing I would have written down if I were allowed to augment the standard model at will," Jesse Thaler from MIT, who wasn't involved in either study, told Nature. But he admitted that he's paying attention to what happens next. "Perhaps we are seeing our first glimpse into physics beyond the visible Universe," he added.
If the international research community sticks to its word and gives us some more data to analyse in the next year, hopefully we won't have to wait too long to find out.
Read these next:
Evidence of a new particle that could break the standard model of physics is mounting
WATCH: The physics of quantum levitation
We got a theoretical physicist to explain that mind-boggling moment in 'Game of Thrones'
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25 April 2016, 6:30 pm - 9:00 pm
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Description
Life is being altered and designed by artists, scientists and technologists. Through applying engineering principles to living systems, biology has become a new material for creativity. But these practices and manipulations now challenge our understanding of life and what it means to be alive.
There are various ways in which life is being engineered: Techniques such as tissue culture allows for the growth of cells and organism in an artificial environments. Meanwhile synthetic biology allows for designers to programme material, creating new organisms that might be used for radical purposes such as in architecture, conducting electricity or emitting light. In addition, platforms such as CRISPR/Cas9 provide an increasingly inexpensive and versatile way to make changes to the genome.
Many of these biotechnologies have captured the imagination of the public and have led to assertions that we might soon be able to build or grow replacement organs. As such new new emphasis has been placed on definitions of ‘life’ that emerges through the lens of science. Which requires us to questions what might be done to life through the use of these new technologies.
What does it mean to be able to build with life? What are the philosophical and ethical issues that arise from these new approaches? What boundaries are crossed between science and design when we engage with these forms of manipulation? What are the implications of presenting living-art in this context? Where are the new boundaries between life and non-life? How are these technologies changing our understanding what it means to be alive and living?
This panel discussion will explore who gets to use life as material and to what end.
Panelists
Oron Catts, Director of SymbioticA, The University of Western Australia (@OronCatts)
An artist, researcher and curator whose pioneering work with the Tissue Culture and Art Project which he established in 1996 is considered a leading biological art project. In 2000 he co-founded SymbioticA, an artistic research centre housed within the School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia. Under Catts’ leadership SymbioticA has gone on to win the Prix Ars Electronica Golden Nica in Hybrid Art (2007) the WA Premier Science Award (2008) and became a Centre for Excellence in 2008. In 2009 Catts was recognised by Thames & Hudson’s “60 Innovators Shaping our Creative Future” book in the category “Beyond Design”, and by Icon Magazine (UK) as one of the top 20 Designers, “making the future and transforming the way we work”.
Lucy McRae, Body Architect (@Lucy_McRae)
Lucy McRae is a Body Architect exploring the relationship between the body, technology and the grey areas of synthetic and organic materials. She invents playful, imaginary worlds steered by complex scientific challenges to create portals of possibility that provoke the way people embody the future.
Edward Perello, Chief Business Officer & Founder, Desktop Genetics (@EdwardPerello)
A molecular biologist passionate about synthetic biology and its impact on the world, Edward looks to build a world where biology is widely, and responsibly, used as technology. At Desktop Genetics, he leads the user outreach, content and experience testing strategies. He is a 2015 SynBio LEAP fellow and has formerly worked with the European Union on science policy and VERTIC on arms control.
Prof. Joanna Zylinska, Professor of New Media and Communications at Goldsmiths (@MediaComGold)
A writer, lecturer, artist and curator, working in the areas of new technologies and new media, ethics, photography and art. She is Professor of New Media and Communications at Goldsmiths, University of London. The author of five books – most recently, Minimal Ethics for the Anthropocene (Open Humanities Press, 2014; e-version freely available), Life after New Media: Mediation as a Vital Process (with Sarah Kember; MIT Press, 2012) and Bioethics in the Age of New Media (MIT Press, 2009) – she is also the editor of The Cyborg Experiments: the Extensions of the Body in the Media Age, a collection of essays on the work of performance artists Stelarc and Orlan (Continuum, 2002) and co-editor of Imaginary Neighbors: Mediating Polish-Jewish Relations after the Holocaust (University of Nebraska Press, 2007). Her translation of Stanislaw Lem’s major philosophical treatise, Summa Technologiae, came out from the University of Minnesota’s Electronic Mediations series in 2013.
Luke Robert Mason, Director of Virtual Futures (Moderator) (@LukeRobertMason)
Plus, a special performance from Virtual Futures’ Near-Future Fiction Author in Residence:
Stephen Oram, Near-Future Fiction Author (@OramStephen)
UK Screening of THE MODULAR BODY
Join award-winning director Floris Kaayk for the UK premiere of THE MODULAR BODY – an online science fiction about the creation of OSCAR, a living organism built from human cells.
What makes OSCAR special is the thought process preceding the organism, which comes down to this: (human) life can be regarded as a closed system but when it is approached as a modular system this may lead to innovative applications and solutions.
Although The Modular Body is undeniably fiction, its design and narration (as in previous works by Floris Kaayk) come uncannily close to reality. Presented as an online interactive archive it allows viewers to explore fragments from Vlasman’s research – with music by Machinefabriek. Designed in collaboration with Lustlab. The Modular Body is a seriousFilm production and co-produced by Dutch broadcaster VPRO.
The Modular Body & Virtual Futures invite you to take a futuristic look at contemporary technological progress.
Find out more:
http://TheModularBody.com
Twitter @TheModularBody
The Modular Body Facebook Page
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The Lights of Soho, London’s newest art gallery and member’s lounge, is now open, operating as a cultural hub for Soho’s creative community and the global home of creative neon and light art formats.
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Date:
25 April 2016
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6:30 pm - 9:00 pm
Event Category:
Salons
Website:
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Lights of Soho
35 Brewer St
London, W1F 0RX United Kingdom
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