Gold prospecting in Philippines - TreasureNet www.treasurenet.com › Forum › Gold Prospecting Forum › Gold Prospecting Oct 16, 2010 - Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines. (Finding gold) Go to this site http://www.mindat.org/loc-21930.html >find your region on the map or find your prvovince in the list below>open all the links and find the ones that say major commodities gold or trace gold. (my opinion) Perhaps after seeing all the sites find ...

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Still in shock!!!!1700s cacheWAR OF 1812 ARTILLERY BELT PLATE! and then someUnique early Silversmith Cross Results 1 to 14 of 14 Thread: Gold prospecting in Philippines « Prev Thread | Next Thread » LinkBack Thread Tools Search Thread Display Oct 16, 2010, 06:55 PM Original Poster #1 mirajs57 mirajs57 is offline cz Oct 2010 4 Gold prospecting in Philippines Is here somebody with good knowledge of Philippines? What are the best places for gold dredging, using of metal detectors, etc. I have selected some places for visit during my vacation in February 2011 (Sibuyan, Compostella Valey, Surigao) whre some gold is. However, I accept advice from more experienced. (any good area to try metal detector?) Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 19, 2010, 01:46 PM #2 lem49 lem49 is offline lem49's Avatar pa Mar 2010 Repuplic of Panama fisher cz7a pro, Tesoro Vaquero, whites coinmaster GT, 33 2 times All Types Of Treasure Hunting Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines first, I do not know of areas in the phillipines, but a heads up thats important. When traveling in certain countries you need to be extra careful, I know that the jungles in the phillipines harbor some unsavory, anti american militant groups. In addition, when in countries where there is extreme poverty, you need to take care, that your detector will be a magnet for bandits. Using your detector at a beach in a heavy tourist area may be safer, but remember there are thieves who thrive on tourist. of course thats almost everywhere, but in countries where there is much poverty more so. Here in Panama if they know you are an american, its like you are walking around with a sign on your head that says ATM. I am more fortunate as my wife is Panamanian, so she knows the ropes. Panama is a great place for vacation, detecting the tourist areas of the miles of beach. Prospecting for gold is a different game, need to go to the interior rural areas. There is a company called Panama adventures, and one other that advertises vacations of gold prospecting. These would be safer bets. No I do not work for them just a retired vet, whose been around the block. best wishes and good luck Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 19, 2010, 03:45 PM Original Poster #3 mirajs57 mirajs57 is offline cz Oct 2010 4 Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines Yes, thank you for reply. Some area there are problems with rebels. Nice to know if anybody try metal detecting this country like me. I plan go there in March next year. I have a Philippine girlfriend, however she has no knowledge about gold. Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 19, 2010, 10:05 PM #4 Gold_Striker Gold_Striker is offline us metal detector Sep 2010 Denver,CO xterra 705 by minelab 105 5 times Prospecting Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines (Finding gold) Go to this site http://www.mindat.org/loc-21930.html >find your region on the map or find your prvovince in the list below>open all the links and find the ones that say major commodities gold or trace gold. (my opinion) Perhaps after seeing all the sites find the ones that seem safest or easiest to get to. As far as thieves I would suppose that yes they would be concentrated in the tourist areas or in places where they would have the best chance of finding a victim. I doubt being far away from a tourist area in the jungle somewhere they will be looking. Besides I bet you can hire a guide and they would be armed and know the lay of the land well. I don't know about militants or political issues in country. I would look into it contact the authorities in the area look up information on the area and so on. You might find a forum from there so you can speak with other people from where ever your going. I am sure there is a group of people like you there If you tell me exactly where you will be going I will make a map of the area you want with only gold mines on a google map. http://www.goldminingequipment.info (Geology) Gold is found along or near fault lines and is also found in certain types of rock. You can download google earth and then get a geologic overlay for the area you need. Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 22, 2010, 02:02 PM Original Poster #5 mirajs57 mirajs57 is offline cz Oct 2010 4 Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines Thank you for your reply. I consider Cagayan de Oro district in Mindanao, Surigao, Sibuyan Island in Visayas. However, I can go anywhere except some hot areas in southern Mindanao or a NPA dominated areas in Bicol. The most important is that I need a proper place where gold is in suitable form. For instance, in Compostella Valley near Nabunturan the gold is dispersed in fine grain inside the rock. The panning or metal detecting is not possible. So for me is most important to look for place where the gold is in suitable sized nuggets. Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 29, 2011, 11:40 PM #6 Numinen Numinen is offline Numinen's Avatar Dec 2007 Earth Garrett Infinium Coils 3X7, 8" Mono, 10" x 14" DD 21 1 times All Types Of Treasure Hunting Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines Late reply for you but for others Camarines Norte is good if you like to hount for some Gold in Philippines! Quote Originally Posted by mirajs57 Is here somebody with good knowledge of Philippines? What are the best places for gold dredging, using of metal detectors, etc. I have selected some places for visit during my vacation in February 2011 (Sibuyan, Compostella Valey, Surigao) whre some gold is. However, I accept advice from more experienced. (any good area to try metal detector?) Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 30, 2011, 07:48 AM #7 russau russau is offline May 2005 St. Louis, missouri 5,543 3985 times Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines thats a nice place to go and get killed! what about the bandits/outlaws in the hills. i read about some people being kidnapped and held for ransom. Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Nov 06, 2011, 12:26 AM #8 Numinen Numinen is offline Numinen's Avatar Dec 2007 Earth Garrett Infinium Coils 3X7, 8" Mono, 10" x 14" DD 21 1 times All Types Of Treasure Hunting Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines Quote Originally Posted by russau thats a nice place to go and get killed! what about the bandits/outlaws in the hills. i read about some people being kidnapped and held for ransom. I´w yet not been kidnapped yet. And there are always risks in life if you dont dare anything u got nothing to win as I see it! Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 08, 2012, 01:25 AM #9 juanwangy juanwangy is offline ph Oct 2012 2 All Types Of Treasure Hunting Good pm, does anybody know who has a, gold detector/scanner or ground penetrating device here located in Northern Mindanao? we have a site here in Mindanao that needs detecting. The place used to be a japanese barracks. we just want to make sure that we can pinpoint the exact location where we will dig. Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Nov 03, 2013, 06:05 PM #10 dave sharky dave sharky is offline Aug 2013 49 9 times All Types Of Treasure Hunting lem 49 i,m in the Philippines and many people here have money those groups you talked about kill Philippines all so there are many ways to make money here if your broke here your very lazy i like it here i,m from USA your right all ways good to have some one with you i find silver coins from the USA war here it said united states of America on one side and a man neeling on the other side very nice as big as a us nickel or smaller.Most people here are very friendly you have punks or bad guys any where in the world the us is full of them be good all. Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Nov 07, 2013, 07:02 AM #11 talim talim is offline ph Mr. Nov 2013 Manila 6 All Types Of Treasure Hunting Davao's mains product is GOLD, so there is plenty... I have a friend not far away from Davao that finds some but need equipment to find more, a metal detector could be a good thing for a start. Gold in river tends to hang in the curves, good places to explore dry river curves. There are many reports about professional mining in Philippines on the net as well. Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Dec 19, 2013, 07:41 AM #12 erictreasure erictreasure is offline ph Dec 2013 12 1 times All Types Of Treasure Hunting I have a site here in the Visayan region and we have some positive signs engraved in the rock namely ( a heart shape, an F and an arrow). Our site also has a Japanese history. A lot of treasure hunters(korean and japanese) have been visiting our lot before and were very interested. Some of the koreans dug up some bones and brought it to korea. It is in the mountains and is near a river creek. A bomb was also found beside our lot and the bomb( water barrel size) was pointing to our lot. I would want to now if you have gadgets or a scanner that would be able to see the object and its depth. If possible, may I ask for your contact number. I am willing to negotiate it with you. Thank you very much. Happy Holidays and God bless you all. Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Dec 19, 2013, 08:55 AM #13 omnicron omnicron is offline us Jun 2012 Caldwell, Idaho 1,017 409 times Prospecting Talk about opening a dead thread...10.16.2010 Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Mar 07, 2015, 02:26 AM #14 Numinen Numinen is offline Numinen's Avatar Dec 2007 Earth Garrett Infinium Coils 3X7, 8" Mono, 10" x 14" DD 21 1 times All Types Of Treasure Hunting Lets Opend it again :-) Four killed in CamSur over small mining row Caramoan Mayor Jun Cordial, Vice Mayor Irene Breis and Barangay Gata Captain Mercy Sueno yesterday appealed for immediate assistance from the national government after Sagip Kalikasan personnel allegedly killed four barangay folk in the gold-rich island-barangay Gata in Caramoan, Camarines Sur. The killings took place after Sagip Kalikasan personnel were said to have harassed residents over small mining in Barangay Gata. This prompted the local folk to apply for a “minahan ng bayan permit” from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). While the permit was being processed, the MGB issued a temporary permit through DENR-MGB personnel Marcel Pestaño so that the residents of Gata could support their livelihood and maintain order in the area. Because of this, the barangay residents were able to continue their small mining activities which had been their livelihood since World War II. Irked by this development, the Camarines Sur Sagip Kalikasan personnel in Gata, Caramoan headed by Eco Tria yesterday insisted that the barangay residents should halt their mining operations. In response, Barangay Captain Mercy Sueno presented the temporary permit of the barangay residents and asked the Sagip Kalikasan personnel to present documents that would prove their presence in the was legal. Tria asserted that they were there under the orders of Gov. Luis Miguel Villafuerte. He presented a document which showed that the Sagip Kalikasan personnel were allowed to conduct a checkpoint. The lady barangay captain questioned the document by saying that it does not apply in the island barangay since checkpoints are conducted on roads. Tria asked the barangay residents to wait as he would confer with “higher” officials. Tria left the barangay but returned with about 20 Sagip Kalikasan personnel. They allegedly pointed their guns at the barangay residents engaged in mining. When the barangay residents felt they had no choice but to fight, the Sagip Kalikasan personnel allegedly opened fire, instantly killing four residents, with one victim hit in the eye. This prompted the municipal officials headed by Mayor Constantino Cordial and Vice Mayor Irene Breis to reiterate their request for the national government to intervene. Municipal officials of Caramoan question the presence and illegal activities of the provincial government’s Sagip Kalikasan in the island which conducts its own gold-mining activities. Four killed in CamSur over small mining row 4 deaths expose gold mining in Caramoan | Bicol Mail Environment men tagged in miners? slay | Inquirer News Be avere of the guys the guvenour Villa fuerte has in this area nighter thy or their boss is among the friendliest or most trustworthiest in in Cam Sur Dispite this I would say the area is defenitly intresting for anyone who likes a good alluvial gold adventure. Last edited by Numinen; Mar 07, 2015 at 02:32 AM. Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Remove Ads Home | Forum | Active Topics | What's New HomeForumGold Prospecting ForumGold Prospecting Gold prospecting in Philippines « Previous Thread | Gold prospecting in Philippines | Next Thread » Sponsored Links Posting Permissions You may not post new threads You may not post replies You may not post attachments You may not edit your posts BB code is On Smilies are On [IMG] code is On [VIDEO] code is On HTML code is Off Trackbacks are On Pingbacks are On Refbacks are On Forum Rules Search tags for this page finding gold in the philippines, gold deposit map philippines, gold prospecting in philipines, gold prospecting in the philippines, gold prospecting permit philippines, how to find gold in the philippines, how to find gold rock philippines, if gold find in philippine, where the gold can be found in the philippines?, where to find gold in the philippines Click on a term to search for related topics. Powered by vBadvanced CMPS v4.3.0

9 Incredible Science Facts You Probably Didn't Learn At School

Geology Nat September 28 · 9 Incredible Science Facts You Probably Didn't Learn At School 2.1M Views

How we use cookies Cookies do not contain any information that personally identifies you, but personal information that we store about you may be linked, by us, to the information stored in and obtained from cookies. The cookies used on the website include those which are strictly necessary cookies for access and navigation, cookies that track usage (performance cookies), remember your choices (functionality cookies), and cookies that provide you with targeted content or advertising. We may use the information we obtain from your use of our cookies for the following purposes: to recognise your computer when you visit the website to track you as you navigate the website, and to enable the use of any e-commerce facilities to improve the website's usability to analyse the use of the website in the administration of the website to personalise the website for you, including targeting advertisements which may be of particular interest to you. Third party cookies When you use the website, you may also be sent third party cookies. Our advertisers and service providers may send you cookies. They may use the information they obtain from your use of their cookies: to track your browser across multiple websites to build a profile of your web surfing to target advertisements which may be of particular interest to you. In addition to the information we provide in this Cookie Policy, you can find out more information about your online choices at http://www.youronlinechoices.com/uk/opt-out-help Blocking cookies Most browsers allow you to refuse to accept cookies. For example: in Internet Explorer you can refuse all cookies by clicking "Tools", "Internet Options", "Privacy", and selecting "Block all cookies" using the sliding selector; in Firefox you can block all cookies by clicking "Tools", "Options", and un-checking "Accept cookies from sites" in the "Privacy" box. in Google Chrome you can adjust your cookie permissions by clicking "Options", "Under the hood", Content Settings in the "Privacy" section. Click on the Cookies tab in the Content Settings. in Safari you can block cookies by clicking “Preferences”, selecting the “Privacy” tab and “Block cookies”. Blocking all cookies will, however, have a negative impact upon the usability of many websites. If you block cookies, you may not be able to use certain features on the website (log on, access content, use search functions). Deleting cookies You can also delete cookies already stored on your computer: in Internet Explorer, you must manually delete cookie files; in Firefox, you can delete cookies by, first ensuring that cookies are to be deleted when you "clear private data" (this setting can be changed by clicking "Tools", "Options" and "Settings" in the "Private Data" box) and then clicking "Clear private data" in the "Tools" menu. in Google Chrome you can adjust your cookie permissions by clicking "Options", "Under the hood", Content Settings in the "Privacy" section. Click on the Cookies tab in the Content Settings. in Safari you can delete cookies by clicking “Preferences”, selecting the “Privacy” tab and “Remove All Website Data”. Obviously, doing this may have a negative impact on the usability of many websites. Contact us The website is owned and operated by Macmillan Publishers Limited, a company registered in England under company number 00785998 with a registered office at The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom. Our VAT number is GB199440621. If you have any questions or comments about this Notice, or if you would like us to update information we have about you or your preferences, please contact us by: Calling: +44 207 843 4869 / +1 212 726 9200 Sending an email to: feedback@nature.com Writing to: Customer Services Department Nature Research The Campus 4 Crinan Street London N1 9SQ United Kingdom or Customer Service Department Nature Research One New York Plaza Suite 4500 New York NY 10004-1562 USA

2017 Reviews and Perspectives archive : Nature Chemistry www.nature.com › Journal home › Archive Nature Chemistry offers a unique mix of news and reviews alongside top-quality research papers. Published monthly, in print and online, the journal reflects the entire spectrum of chemistry, pure and applied.

How we use cookies Cookies do not contain any information that personally identifies you, but personal information that we store about you may be linked, by us, to the information stored in and obtained from cookies. The cookies used on the website include those which are strictly necessary cookies for access and navigation, cookies that track usage (performance cookies), remember your choices (functionality cookies), and cookies that provide you with targeted content or advertising. We may use the information we obtain from your use of our cookies for the following purposes: to recognise your computer when you visit the website to track you as you navigate the website, and to enable the use of any e-commerce facilities to improve the website's usability to analyse the use of the website in the administration of the website to personalise the website for you, including targeting advertisements which may be of particular interest to you. Third party cookies When you use the website, you may also be sent third party cookies. Our advertisers and service providers may send you cookies. They may use the information they obtain from your use of their cookies: to track your browser across multiple websites to build a profile of your web surfing to target advertisements which may be of particular interest to you. In addition to the information we provide in this Cookie Policy, you can find out more information about your online choices at http://www.youronlinechoices.com/uk/opt-out-help Blocking cookies Most browsers allow you to refuse to accept cookies. For example: in Internet Explorer you can refuse all cookies by clicking "Tools", "Internet Options", "Privacy", and selecting "Block all cookies" using the sliding selector; in Firefox you can block all cookies by clicking "Tools", "Options", and un-checking "Accept cookies from sites" in the "Privacy" box. in Google Chrome you can adjust your cookie permissions by clicking "Options", "Under the hood", Content Settings in the "Privacy" section. Click on the Cookies tab in the Content Settings. in Safari you can block cookies by clicking “Preferences”, selecting the “Privacy” tab and “Block cookies”. Blocking all cookies will, however, have a negative impact upon the usability of many websites. If you block cookies, you may not be able to use certain features on the website (log on, access content, use search functions). Deleting cookies You can also delete cookies already stored on your computer: in Internet Explorer, you must manually delete cookie files; in Firefox, you can delete cookies by, first ensuring that cookies are to be deleted when you "clear private data" (this setting can be changed by clicking "Tools", "Options" and "Settings" in the "Private Data" box) and then clicking "Clear private data" in the "Tools" menu. in Google Chrome you can adjust your cookie permissions by clicking "Options", "Under the hood", Content Settings in the "Privacy" section. Click on the Cookies tab in the Content Settings. in Safari you can delete cookies by clicking “Preferences”, selecting the “Privacy” tab and “Remove All Website Data”. Obviously, doing this may have a negative impact on the usability of many websites. Contact us The website is owned and operated by Macmillan Publishers Limited, a company registered in England under company number 00785998 with a registered office at The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom. Our VAT number is GB199440621. If you have any questions or comments about this Notice, or if you would like us to update information we have about you or your preferences, please contact us by: Calling: +44 207 843 4869 / +1 212 726 9200 Sending an email to: feedback@nature.com Writing to: Customer Services Department Nature Research The Campus 4 Crinan Street London N1 9SQ United Kingdom or Customer Service Department Nature Research One New York Plaza Suite 4500 New York NY 10004-1562 USA

2017 Reviews and Perspectives archive : Nature Chemistry www.nature.com › Journal home › Archive Nature Chemistry offers a unique mix of news and reviews alongside top-quality research papers. Published monthly, in print and online, the journal reflects the entire spectrum of chemistry, pure and applied.

Although omega 6 acids are beneficial, they must be in perfect balance in the body with the omega 3 acids.

If these acids are not balanced, the inflammation will increase due to the production of cytokines produced by the cellular membranes. The ratio of omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids in the western diet is 30:1. This diet is extremely high on omega 6 fatty acids and this is really concerning. This type of diet increases the weight and the risk of diabetes and heart diseases. Increasing the intake of processed foods increases the risk of cancer, diabetes, obesity and heart disease. The only way to lower the risk of developing some of these diseases is to change the diet and start consuming more natural foods. In order to improve the overall health and to reduce and eliminate inflammation the main thing to do is to avoid processed foods and consume home cooked meals with plenty of natural ingredients, vegetables and fruits. EART SURGEON REVEALS THE REAL CAUSE OF HEART DISEASE! Health Tips For decades doctors and surgeons have claimed that high cholesterol is the cause of heart diseases. All this time, high cholesterols was treated with medications for reducing the levels of cholesterol and with diet based on low fat intake. But, scientists have recently discovered that heart disease is not caused by high cholesterol levels. The real cause is something way different from cholesterol. This recent research showed that the real reason for heart disease is arterial inflammation. This discovery shook up the medical community. The dietary recommendations have created even bigger problems because they resulted in a worldwide epidemic of diabetes and obesity. The statistics show that in the USA only, ¼ of the adult population takes medications for lowering the cholesterol or statins. The same data also show that in the USA 75 million citizens suffer from heart disease and 20 million from diabetes. Each year the number of young patients suffering from heart disease is rising and this is clearly showing that cholesterol is not the reason for this type of diseases. The real cause is the inflammation. The inflammation is actually very beneficial because it`s the natural reaction of the body to invaders. Since we are constantly exposed to toxins the body is not able to fight and process all the foreign invaders and the inflammation becomes chronic. This condition has direct consequences to the health and heart. Unfortunately, we are the ones causing the chronic inflammation with the unhealthy lifestyle and unhealthy diet. The constant consumption of inflammatory products and foods rich in fat and sugar is harmful for the health. This type of diet leads to development of chronic inflammation and different diseases like diabetes and heart diseases. Another factor for the increased numbers of heart disease patients is the low fat diet which is highly recommended as a treatment for high cholesterol levels. The unhealthy foods that we all consume almost daily are causing big damage to our health. It doesn’t matter where and how the inflammation is caused, what matters is that the inflammation can and will damage the health seriously. These types of foods affect the arteries and bit by bit the inflammation increases and serious medical conditions occur as a result. The cinnamon rolls, for example, are maybe the worst food for the health. They contain high amounts of carbs and sugar which increase the risk of many medical conditions and diseases. The consumption of sweets and sugar increases the levels of sugar in the blood vary fast. This causes the pancreas to produce insulin which is a hormone that regulates the levels of glucose in the blood. This causes a chain reaction. The constant intake of sugar makes the pancreas to produce high amounts of insulin which results in high amounts of glucose which, on the other hand, gets converted into fat. The sugar molecules attach themselves to the proteins which can damage the artery walls causing increase of the inflammation and in time it can damage the blood vessels beyond repair. The sweet rolls also contain high amounts of omega 6 fatty acids because they are usually baked in soybean oil. This type of oil contains high amounts of these acids which are used for increasing the shelf life of the products. Although omega 6 acids are beneficial, they must be in perfect balance in the body with the omega 3 acids. If these acids are not balanced, the inflammation will increase due to the production of cytokines produced by the cellular membranes. The ratio of omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids in the western diet is 30:1. This diet is extremely high on omega 6 fatty acids and this is really concerning. This type of diet increases the weight and the risk of diabetes and heart diseases. Increasing the intake of processed foods increases the risk of cancer, diabetes, obesity and heart disease. The only way to lower the risk of developing some of these diseases is to change the diet and start consuming more natural foods. In order to reduce and eliminate the inflammation consume more carbs from vegetables and fruits and use olive oil or grass-fed butter instead of sunflower or soybean oils for cooking. Animal fat or saturated fat shouldn’t be excluded from the diet because they don’t cause heart diseases. They contain low amounts of omega 6 acids, so they don’t cause inflammation. Saturated fat doesn’t affect and increase the levels of cholesterol in the blood also. The low fat diet has caused much worse conditions. Controlling the cholesterol with this diet has increased the numbers of heart diseases patients worldwide. In order to improve the overall health and to reduce and eliminate inflammation the main thing to do is to avoid processed foods and consume home cooked meals with plenty of natural ingredients, vegetables and fruits.

Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain

Current Issue > vol. 113 no. 39 > Barbara A. Maher, 10797–10801, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1605941113 Significance We identify the abundant presence in the human brain of magnetite nanoparticles that match precisely the high-temperature magnetite nanospheres, formed by combustion and/or friction-derived heating, which are prolific in urban, airborne particulate matter (PM). Because many of the airborne magnetite pollution particles are <200 nm in diameter, they can enter the brain directly through the olfactory nerve and by crossing the damaged olfactory unit. This discovery is important because nanoscale magnetite can respond to external magnetic fields, and is toxic to the brain, being implicated in production of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Because enhanced ROS production is causally linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, exposure to such airborne PM-derived magnetite nanoparticles might need to be examined as a possible hazard to human health. Next Section Abstract Biologically formed nanoparticles of the strongly magnetic mineral, magnetite, were first detected in the human brain over 20 y ago [Kirschvink JL, Kobayashi-Kirschvink A, Woodford BJ (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(16):7683–7687]. Magnetite can have potentially large impacts on the brain due to its unique combination of redox activity, surface charge, and strongly magnetic behavior. We used magnetic analyses and electron microscopy to identify the abundant presence in the brain of magnetite nanoparticles that are consistent with high-temperature formation, suggesting, therefore, an external, not internal, source. Comprising a separate nanoparticle population from the euhedral particles ascribed to endogenous sources, these brain magnetites are often found with other transition metal nanoparticles, and they display rounded crystal morphologies and fused surface textures, reflecting crystallization upon cooling from an initially heated, iron-bearing source material. Such high-temperature magnetite nanospheres are ubiquitous and abundant in airborne particulate matter pollution. They arise as combustion-derived, iron-rich particles, often associated with other transition metal particles, which condense and/or oxidize upon airborne release. Those magnetite pollutant particles which are <∼200 nm in diameter can enter the brain directly via the olfactory bulb. Their presence proves that externally sourced iron-bearing nanoparticles, rather than their soluble compounds, can be transported directly into the brain, where they may pose hazard to human health. brain magnetite magnetite pollution particles Alzheimer's disease combustion-derived nanoparticles airborne particulate matter Magnetic analyses of human brain samples have identified the presence of nanoparticles of magnetite, a strongly magnetic (ferrimagnetic) mixed Fe2+/Fe3+ iron oxide (1⇓–3). Based on their nanoscale dimensions and euhedral (cubo-octahedral or prismatic) crystal shapes, these magnetite nanoparticles are thought to have formed by biological processes (1, 4), via in situ crystallization, possibly within the 8-nm-diameter cores of the iron storage protein, ferritin (e.g., ref. 5). The specific presence of magnetite in the brain is important because it has been causally linked with potential cellular responses to external magnetic fields (e.g., in magnetic resonance imaging studies) (1), aging (6), and with neurodegenerative disease (e.g., refs. 2, 3, and 7). Previous work has shown a correlation between the amount of brain magnetite and the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (2, 3). Neuropathological changes associated with AD include the formation of senile plaques, containing β-amyloid fibrils (e.g., refs. 8, and 9). When associated with redox-active transition metal ions, such as Fe2+ ions, β-amyloid can generate damaging reactive oxygen species, directly contributing to oxidative brain damage, a key early feature of AD (e.g., refs. 8⇓–10). Magnetite nanoparticles have been found directly associated with AD plaques and tangles (e.g., refs. 11⇓–13). In vitro experimental data show that magnetite acts synergistically to enhance the toxicity of β-amyloid (7). We used magnetometry, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis to examine the mineralogy, morphology, and composition of magnetic nanoparticles in and from the frontal cortex of 37 human brain samples, obtained from subjects who lived in Mexico City (14) (29 cases; ages 3 to 85 y; two females) and in Manchester, UK (8 cases; ages 62 to 92 y; five females; Tables S1 and S2). These brain magnetites display compelling similarity with the magnetite nanospheres formed by combustion, which are ubiquitous and prolific in urban, airborne particulate matter (PM) (15⇓⇓⇓–19). We report here identification of the presence in human brain tissue of magnetite nanoparticles with an external, rather than an endogenous, source. In this window In a new window Table S1. Summary of Mexico City cases studied In this window In a new window Table S2. Summary of Manchester cases studied Previous Section Next Section Results To quantify brain magnetic content, a cryogenic magnetometer was used to measure, at room and low temperature (77 K), the saturation magnetic remanence (SIRM) of frontal tissue samples, initially fresh-frozen and subsequently freeze-dried. The SIRM 77 K captures the magnetic contribution of ferrimagnetic grains that are so small (<∼20 nm) as to be magnetically unstable (superparamagnetic) at room temperature. The magnetic brain particles were then examined directly, by HRTEM and EDX analyses both of ultrathin tissue sections and of magnetically extracted particles, after tissue digestion with the proteolytic enzyme, papain. Every analytical step was designed and monitored to preclude any possible magnetic contamination. The brain magnetic analyses identify the presence in all of the samples of strongly magnetic, easily magnetized nanoparticles, with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 12 µg/g dry tissue (Fig. S1). The sample magnetic properties are dominated by behavior characteristic of interacting clusters of ferrimagnetic magnetite or maghemite (Fig. S2). Although highest brain magnetite concentrations (>10 µg/g dry tissue) are seen in many of the oldest cases, several of the much younger Mexico City cases, some exposed to high ambient concentrations of fine-grained (<2.5 µm aerodynamic diameter) airborne PM, also display high ferrimagnetic concentrations. Indeed, the highest brain magnetite content is found in a 32-y-old Mexico City resident (Fig. S1). Fig. S1. In a new window Download PPT Fig. S1. SIRM 77 K (10−6 A m2/kg) and estimated magnetite concentration (micrograms per gram) for frontal cortex samples versus age at death, Mexico City and Manchester cases. The annual mean airborne PM2.5 concentration (micrograms per cubic meter) is given for the residence area of the Mexican cases (inside each data symbol); SIRM values for gray (g) and white (w) matter are given for the Manchester cases, together with their clinical diagnosis upon death (CAA, cerebral amyloid angiopathy; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; see Tables S1 and S2). Fig. S2. In a new window Download PPT Fig. S2. Magnetic analyses of brain tissue samples (freeze-dried): (A) acquisition of isothermal (RT) remanent magnetization in applied DC fields from 5 mT to 1 T. All samples acquire most of their magnetization at fields < 100 mT, indicating the dominant presence of ferrimagnetic minerals (e.g., magnetite and/or maghemite). The magnetically softest sample (the Mexico City case to the left of all remaining samples) has the highest SIRM value (case 282). (B) Measurement of LT remanence (77 K, DC field 1 T) upon warming to RT, showing the thermal unblocking of the superparamagnetic particles. (C) Comparison between the brain samples and sized, synthetic magnetites of known grain size and degree of dispersion (37), as measured by the RT ARM, normalized by the SIRM, plotted against the median destructive field of the ARM (MDFARM, in milliteslas). All of the measurable brain samples fall within the region of the least-dispersed synthetic, submicrometer magnetites, indicating magnetic interactions, and hence agglomeration/clustering of some of the brain magnetite particles. HRTEM and EELS analyses of the tissue sections identify the presence within frontal cells of magnetite, occurring as two distinct types of nanoparticle (Fig. 1 and Figs. S3 and S4). The majority of particles display rounded, even spherical morphologies (Fig. 1A, with higher magnification in Fig. 1B, and Fig. 1F), with diameters between 10 and 150 nm (Fig. S5). The additional presence in the brain cells of other transition metal nanoparticles, containing Pt, Ni, and Co (and possibly Cu), is identified by EELS (Fig. S6) and EDX (Figs. S7 and S8). These rounded magnetites contrast strongly with the angular, cubo-octahedral magnetite crystals also observed (relatively very rarely) within the brain tissue samples (Fig. 1C, and with higher magnification in Fig. 1D). Fig. 1. In a new window Download PPT Fig. 1. Transmission electron micrographs of brain thin sections, identifying two distinct types of magnetite morphologies within frontal cells: (A and F) rounded particles (A shown at higher magnification in B); and (C) angular, euhedral particles, which we attribute to endogenous formation (particles from C shown at higher magnification in D). (E) EELS spectra (in blue) for the rounded particle shown in F and for standard iron oxide species. The position of the Fe−L3 edge absorption peak, the broad feature of the Fe−L2 (compared with the sharp edges, arrowed, of the fully oxidized Fe3+ phases), and the integrated areas of the L3/L2 (5.5) and the Fe/O (0.56) are all consistent with magnetite (also see Figs. S3 and S4). Fig. S3. In a new window Download PPT Fig. S3. (A) High-angle annular diffraction and (B) dark-field TEM micrographs showing spherical magnetic nanoparticles in brain tissues. (C) Fe−L2,3 EELS spectra of nanoparticles identified in the selected areas (boxes 1 through 4) showing the absence of any preedges (see hematite, goethite, and ferrihydrite preedge at ∼708.8 eV), Fe−L3 edges centered at 708 eV, and broad Fe−L2 features characteristic of magnetite, compared with the Fe−L2,3 EELS spectra (D) of standard magnetite, siderite, hematite, goethite, and two-line ferrihydrite. Fig. S4. In a new window Download PPT Fig. S4. Fe−L2,3-edge spectra of magnetic particles found in brain samples. The Fe−L3 and Fe−L2 edges in all three samples are at 708.7 to 709.8 eV and 72 to 723 eV, in excellent agreement with the chemical shift in EELS spectra for the magnetite structure (also see Fig. S3). Fig. S5. In a new window Download PPT Fig. S5. Particle size distribution of magnetic particles in brain magnetic extracts. Particle size measurements were carried out on all of the HRTEM micrographs collected from six brain magnetic extracts from different subjects. The ImageJ software package was used to describe the imaged particles (spherical and nonspherical) in terms of the longest and shortest diameters, perimeter projected area, or equivalent spherical diameter. Fig. S6. In a new window Download PPT Fig. S6. (A) Co−L2,3 EELS spectra of cobalt (II, III) oxide nanoparticles associated with magnetite particles in brain tissues. Co−L3 and Co−L2 edges from different areas of a brain tissue sample (B) are centered at ∼780 and ∼796 eV, respectively, in a good match with an EELS spectrum of a standard cobalt (II,III) oxide. Fig. S7. In a new window Download PPT Fig. S7. EDX analysis of metal-bearing NPs in brain tissue samples, showing presence of Fe, Ni, and Co (and possibly Cu, with the caveat that the samples were mounted on holey carbon films on Cu grids). Fig. S8. In a new window Download PPT Fig. S8. EDX analysis of metal-bearing NPs in brain tissue samples, showing the presence of Fe, Ni, Pt, Co, and, possibly, Cu. Crystallographic analysis of the particles within the tissue sections is difficult (due to rapid carbon buildup under the microscope electron beam). We therefore examined magnetically extracted (20) brain particles, to more fully characterize their mineralogy, surface textures, and particle size distribution. In accord with the observations on the untreated tissue samples, many of the extracted particles display rounded to spherical morphologies (Fig. 2 and Figs. S7–S10). In particular, some have fused surface crystallites (Fig. 2H) that would be very difficult to reconcile with low-temperature growth or dissolution formation processes. Indexing of the lattice fringes of the HRTEM of these particles is consistent with the magnetite crystal structure (Fig. 2 C, E, and G). Some surface oxidation toward its oxidized counterpart, maghemite, is evident (Fig. 2I). The particle size distribution of the rounded brain magnetite particles is notably broad, with a median (longest) diameter of 18 nm and maximum diameter of ∼150 nm (Fig. S5). Such dimensions greatly exceed those of nanoparticles formed within the 8-nm diameter of ferritin cores (5). Fig. 2. In a new window Download PPT Fig. 2. Transmission electron micrographs of rounded particles magnetically extracted from human brain samples: (A, D, F, and H) Mexico City cases; (B) Manchester case. (H) A large (∼150-nm diameter) spherical particle with fused, interlocking magnetite/maghemite surface crystallites. (C, E, and G) Indexing of the lattice fringes of the brain particles is consistent with the (400) reflection of magnetite and (I) mixed magnetite and maghemite of selected areas 1–5 in H. Fig. S9. In a new window Download PPT Fig. S9. (A–I) A collection of HRTEM micrographs of magnetite particles, extracted from brain tissues, showing dominant rounded morphologies. (C) Micrograph shows fused magnetite particles, and (D and E) micrographs show aggregated magnetite particles. Fig. S10. In a new window Download PPT Fig. S10. (A) HRTEM micrograph of magnetically extracted magnetite particles from brain tissues. (B−D) FFT patterns of selected areas (1, 2, and 3, respectively) featuring a single crystal (B) and magnetite particles superimposed at ∼90° (C and D). Previous Section Next Section Discussion The geometric, angular particles resemble the in situ, biogenic magnetite previously reported (1, 4); we thus ascribe these euhedral magnetite particles to endogenous formation. The rounded magnetite nanoparticles (up to ∼150-nm diameter, with distinctive surface textures, and cooccurring with other PM-associated metals, including Pt) have not been identified previously in brain tissue sections. Apparently similar spherical structures, with diameters of 8 to 50 nm, have been found recently within amyloid plaque cores isolated from human brain (13) but were attributed to a biological rather than an external pollution-derived source. However, the surface textures, size, and size distribution of the spherical magnetites identified in our study, and the cooccurrence of PM-associated transition metal nanoparticles, are all inconsistent with the characteristics of biogenically formed magnetite (1, 4, 12). They bear compelling resemblance, instead, to the rounded/spherical magnetite nanoparticles (nanospheres) that are both ubiquitous and prolific within airborne, high-temperature (combustion-derived) PM (15⇓⇓⇓–19, 21). The rounded shapes of these airborne, PM-derived magnetites (Fig. 3 and Fig. S11), and fusing of interlocking, surface crystallites (Fig. 3 C and D), reflect their high-temperature sources, and their subsequent crystallization, upon rapid cooling and/or oxidation, as Fe-rich nanospheres. Depending on PM source(s) (vehicular, subway, industrial, indoor), other transition metals are often coassociated with magnetite and other pollution nanoparticles (15⇓–17, 19). Pt release, for instance, is associated with increasing vehicular use of catalytic converters (e.g., ref. 22). Frictional heating, e.g., of brake pads, can also produce high-temperature magnetite nanoparticles (21). Magnetite can arise from combustion of many types of organic matter, depending on heating temperature and atmosphere, and source Fe content (23⇓–25). Fig. 3. In a new window Download PPT Fig. 3. TEM/scanning EM micrographs of anthropogenic (combustion-derived), magnetically extracted airborne particles. (A, shown at higher magnification in B) Magnetite nanoparticles from airborne PM (<10 µm), from Cable Street, Lancaster, United Kingdom (March 2009), sampled with a cascade impactor. Many particles display rounded profiles; some are fused together. (C and D) Spherical magnetite particles, Didcot power station, comprising fused magnetite particles (note the variable lattice orientations in C and the fused surface crystallites in D). Fig. S11. In a new window Download PPT Fig. S11. TEM image of magnetite nanoparticles captured from the exhaust plume of a diesel engine. Adapted from ref. 19. Although PM mass has conventionally been used for setting of legislative airborne PM concentration limits, it is possible that ultrafine particle size and number are of greater significance in terms of mortality (26) and health impacts (e.g., ref. 27). Our magnetic measurements of roadside airborne PM [in Lancaster, United Kingdom (28)] indicate magnetite particle numbers equivalent to ∼2.01 × 108 m−3 of roadside air, for ∼50-nm-sized magnetite particles, for an ambient PM10 concentration of ∼40 µg⋅m−3 (compared, for example, with the annual mean PM10 for Mexico City of between ∼30 and 70 µg⋅m−3). The abundant combustion-derived magnetite particles found in airborne PM can range widely in size, from less than 5 nm to more than 1 µm (15⇓–17, 19). Those particles of nanoscale dimensions, requiring analysis by transmission rather than scanning electron microscopy, have, until recently, received less attention than the larger, often more heterogenous spherules. Magnetite nanospheres up to ≾≾ 200 nm can have a direct entry route to the brain through the axons of the olfactory nerve, as suggested by experimental studies on carbon (29) and TiO2 nanoparticles (30), and the reported presence of NPs in the olfactory bulb of some Mexico City cases (14, 31⇓–33). Although many of the highly magnetic brain samples come from the older Manchester cases (>65 y at death), especially those with severe to moderate AD, equivalent or higher magnetite concentrations are also displayed by young (<40 y at death) Mexico City residents, especially those exposed to high PM2.5 levels (annual mean ≳≳25 µg⋅m−3). Increased metals content and AD neuropathological hallmarks have been found in young human brains exposed to high airborne PM2.5 concentrations in Mexico City (14, 33). However, it was not previously known if the presence of metals in AD brains was due to transport to the brain of nanoparticles themselves or of their solubilized compounds. Our HRTEM results provide compelling evidence for the presence of externally sourced magnetite, and other metal-bearing nanoparticles in the frontal cortex of both the Mexico City and Manchester cases. It is notable that less than 5% of AD cases are directly inherited, indicating that nongenetic (environmental) factors, and/or gene/environment interactions, are likely playing a major role in initiating and/or promoting the disease. Jung et al. (34) found a 138% risk of increase of AD per increase of 4.34 μg⋅m−3 in PM2.5 over a 9-y follow-up period in 95,690 individuals in Taiwan. It is not yet understood which PM properties (e.g., size, number, mineralogy, and associated chemical species) contribute most to toxic effects (e.g., ref. 35). Our preliminary magnetic results regarding both PM exposure and AD are thus both intriguing and warrant more intensive study. Because of their combination of ultrafine size, specific brain toxicity, and ubiquity within airborne PM, pollution-derived magnetite nanoparticles might require consideration as a possible AD risk factor. In addition to occupational settings [including, for example, exposure to printer toner powders (36)], higher concentrations of magnetite pollution nanoparticles are likely to arise in the indoor environment from open fires (25) or poorly sealed stoves used for cooking and/or heating, and in the outdoor environment from vehicle (especially diesel) and/or industrial PM sources. Previous Section Next Section Materials and Methods Brain Samples. Fresh, frozen brain tissues were obtained from 38 individuals (Tables S1 and S2), 9 from the Manchester Brain Bank (ethical review and approval by the Manchester Brain Bank Management Committee and the Newcastle and North Tyneside I Regional Ethics Committee) and 29 from Mexico City, from forensic cases (fatal accidents) with no identifiable personal data, not meeting the regulatory definition of human subject research (University of Montana Institutional Review Board). A block (∼25 g) of tissue was cut from the frontal lobes; subsamples were cut using nonmagnetic [polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)] instruments. The Manchester samples were dissected into gray (nine samples) and white (eight samples) matter. To preclude any contamination, or operator bias, samples were handled with nonmagnetic instruments in a laminar flow clean bench environment and measured blind to diagnostics, and sample holder remanences were removed. The tissue samples were freeze-dried and placed in polystyrene sample holders (10 cc) for magnetic measurements. Magnetic Analyses. Magnetic measurements were made at the Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Paleomagnetism, Lancaster University, using superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry. Room-temperature isothermal remanent magnetizations (IRMs) (Fig. S2A) were measured with a GM400 Cryogenic Magnetometer (mean background noise level 5.9 ×10−11 A2; Cryogenic Consultants Ltd.); Low-temperature IRMs were measured (Fig. S2B) at temperatures between 293 and 77 K (±0.5 K) on a single-axis magnetic property measurement system XL magnetometer (Quantum Design). To identify magnetic grain sizes and/or magnetic interactions (37), anhysteretic remanence (ARM) was induced in a decaying (100 mT, peak) alternating magnetic field (af), with a small superimposed direct current (DC) field (0.08 mT), and subsequently af-demagnetized (Fig. S2C). Stepwise remanence acquisition was measured with incremental application of DC fields of 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, and 300 mT and 1 T. The samples were cooled to 77 K and subjected to an applied DC field, 1 T, and their remanence was measured as they warmed to room temperature. Tissue Sections. Magnetically extracted particles. A subset of samples (six tissue samples, and one blank without any tissue) was subjected to a magnetic extraction procedure, designed to maximize removal of submicrometer ferrimagnets (20). All reagents were prepared from ultrapurity Milli-Q water and prefiltered (<0.1 µm PTFE membrane filter) to preclude any particulate contamination; all instruments and sample holders were nonmagnetic (PTFE and polystyrene, respectively). Papain from papaya latex (twice-crystallized; Sigma) was solubilized in 50 mM sodium acetate (prefiltered and magnetically measured multiple times to demonstrably preclude magnetic contamination). The tissue samples were digested overnight in papain at 65 °C and at fixed pH 7.0 ± 0.02, in a strictly oxygen-free environment inside a particulate-clean laboratory. The resultant suspension was circulated continuously (2 to 3 d, with a peristaltic pump) past a magnetized probe, producing a high field gradient at its tip (maximum field ∼40 mT). The magnetically extracted particles were mounted on holey carbon films on carbon-coated copper grids for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). HRTEM, EELS, and EDX. Electron microscopy was conducted on two instruments, a JEOL ARM200cF and an FEI Tecnai F20, operated at 200 kV. A Gatan Quantum spectrometer was used for EELS in scanning TEM (STEM) mode. Due to rapid carbon buildup under the electron beam, only point acquisition spectra were collected; each spectrum typically summed from several spectra from each nanoparticle and from multiple nanoparticles. This procedure also minimized the electron dose experienced by individual nanoparticles and ensured that their chemical reduction was avoided. Time-dependent observations did not reveal any obvious structural or spectroscopic changes to the nanoparticles within the acquisition time (but were observed under prolonged exposure), and we conclude that the EELS data presented are representative of the nanoparticles' as-formed chemistry. EELS data were processed in Python using Hyperspy package. To determine dominant lattice spacings, fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) of high-resolution micrographs were compared with a simulated diffraction pattern of face-centered cubic magnetite (space group Fd3¯mFd3¯m, no. 227, a = 8.3941 Å), and maghemite (space group P4332, no. 212, a = 8.3457 Å). Sample sensitivity under STEM imaging precluded elemental mapping by EDX. Previous Section Next Section Acknowledgments We appreciate the reviewers’ comments, which improved our manuscript. We thank Dr. Zabeada Aslam for her technical help, Dr. Mark Taylor (University of Lancaster) and Angelica Gonzalez-Maciel (Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City) for assistance with tissue subsampling, and the University of Leeds Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council-funded Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Facility for access to the HRTEM. We acknowledge the support of the Manchester Brain Bank by Alzheimer’s Research UK and Alzheimer’s Society through their funding of Brains for Dementia Research initiative, and service support costs from Medical Research Council. Previous Section Next Section Footnotes 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: b.maher@lancaster.ac.uk. Author contributions: B.A.M. designed research; B.A.M., I.A.M.A., V.K., and D.A.M. performed research; P.G.F. and D.A. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; B.A.M., I.A.M.A., V.K., D.A.M., D.M.A.M., R.T.-J., and L.C.-G. analyzed data; B.A.M. wrote the paper; D.M.A.M. provided brain tissue samples and medical diagnosis data; R.T.-J. provided airborne PM data; and L.C.-G. provided brain tissue samples. The authors declare no conflict of interest. This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. Y.R. is a Guest Editor invited by the Editorial Board. This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1605941113/-/DCSupplemental. Previous Section References ↵ Kirschvink JL, Kobayashi-Kirschvink A, Woodford BJ (1992) Magnetite biomineralization in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(16):7683–7687.. Abstract/FREE Full Text ↵ Pankhurst Q, Hautot D, Khan N, Dobson J (2008) Increased levels of magnetic iron compounds in Alzheimer’s disease. 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What Is Diffusion? Chemistry Definition - ThoughtCo

Diffusion is a natural mass transport mechanism that moves matter from area of high concentration to those of low concentration. Diffusion is a natural mass transport mechanism that moves matter from area of high concentration to those of low concentration. Science Photo Library Ltd / Getty Images by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. Updated June 13, 2017 DIFFUSION DEFINITION Diffusion is the movement of a fluid from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion is a result of the kinetic properties of particles of matter. The particles will mix until they are evenly distributed. Diffusion may also be thought of as movement of particles down a concentration gradient. The term "diffusion" comes from the Latin word diffundere, which means "to spread out". DIFFUSION EXAMPLES H2S(g) in a test tube will slowly diffuse into the air of a lab until equilibrium is reached. Food coloring in water diffuses until it's evenly distributed throughout the liquid. Perfume diffuses throughout an entire room. Adding a dot of dye to gelatin is a good example. The color will slowly diffuse throughout the gel. Note, however, most of the common examples of diffusion also illustrate other mass transport processes. For example, when perfume is smelled across a room, air currents or convection are more of a factor than diffusion. Convection also plays a large role in the dispersion of food coloring in water.

Diethyl malonate, also known as DEM, is the diethyl ester of malonic acid. It occurs naturally in grapes and strawberries as a colourless liquid with an apple-like odour, and is used in perfumes. It is also used to synthesize other compounds such as barbiturates, artificial flavourings, vitamin B1, and vitamin B6.

Wednesday, September 6, 2017 Cortisol is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones. When used as a medication, it is known as hydrocortisone. It is produced in humans by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex within the adrenal gland. Wikipedia Formula: C21H30O5 Molar mass: 362.46 g/mol CAS ID: 50-23-7 ChEBI ID: 17650 ChemSpider ID: 5551 PubChem CID: 5754 People also search for: Cortisone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, MORE What is cortisol? Cortisol is a steroid hormone, one of the glucocorticoids, made in the cortex of the adrenal glands and then released into the blood, which transports it all round the body. Almost every cell contains receptors for cortisol and so cortisol can have lots of different actions depending on which sort of cells it is acting upon. These effects include controlling the body’s blood sugar levels and thus regulating metabolism, acting as an anti-inflammatory, influencing memory formation, controlling salt and water balance, influencing blood pressure and helping development of the foetus. In many species cortisol is also responsible for triggering the processes involved in giving birth. A similar version of this hormone, known as corticosterone, is produced by rodents, birds and reptiles. Posted by Oscar del Rosario at 12:40 AM Email This BlogThis! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest http://aglobalhealthwarrior.blogspot.com/2017/09/cortisol-is-steroid-hormone-in.html http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeffrey-small/faith-is-not-a-synonym-fo_b_810458.html

The world's first Indoor Shrimp Production System (ISPS)

The world's first Indoor Shrimp Production System (ISPS) 71,021 views 395 33 SHARE JIRCAS channel Published on Feb 14, 2017 SUBSCRIBED 474 SUBSCRIBE SUBSCRIBED UNSUBSCRIBE More information, see https://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp/kankou... This video was created in Dec. 2010. Organization name , statistics , all figure and tables are as of the time of publication. These materials may not be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the express written permission of JIRCAS. Erratum: caption at 01:24, Error: Marine Shrimp: more than 1 billion dollars Correct: Marine Shrimp: more than 10 billion dollars Category People & Blogs License Standard YouTube License SHOW LESS 20 Comments SORT BY Oscar del Rosario Add a public comment... Toring Turbine d.o.o. Toring Turbine d.o.o. 3 months ago Very encouraging results. Would you like to increase the growth of shrimp? We have a good solution for you. Our company Toring Turbine LLC, introduces in the world its new aeration system, Toring Turbine aerator, called TT200, which increases the efficiency by 5 to 7 x, from existing aerators at the moment on the market. The system savings up to 60% of electricity. Maintenance of the system is minimal. We will gladly send you more information and references. Contact us at www.toring.com. Best regards, Xenia from Toring Turbine Read more REPLY 3 ART DRISCOLL ART DRISCOLL 3 months ago can you send me more information. i want to start this here in NY. REPLY 3 View all 2 replies Durwood M. Dugger Durwood M. Dugger 5 months ago (edited) By far NOT the firs -t by several decades - the first indoor shrimp production systems. Not even the first in Japan I suspect. REPLY 2 Benja's Uber 1337 Hobby Benja's Uber 1337 Hobby 1 week ago New sub I liked your video :) This is really cool. Thank you so much for sharing :) REPLY 1 Chee Keong Ng Chee Keong Ng 1 week ago Interested to start this in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Pls contact me if there is any business's opportunity. I currently own land base shrimp farm in Sabah. Malaysia. REPLY View reply Russell Raposa Russell Raposa 3 weeks ago Gotta love sewage treatment plants that people eat REPLY 1 Jose Carlos Gomez Cevallos Jose Carlos Gomez Cevallos 2 days ago please could you tell me in the minute 7:24 it says that the pools can produce 24 to 40 tons of shrimp annually it refers that each pool or both together ?? thanks REPLY Geoff Beach Geoff Beach 3 days ago Good luck... REPLY SuperButch888 SuperButch888 5 days ago GMO.....tsk tsk tsk REPLY 2001lextalionis 2001lextalionis 5 days ago Hello and thank you for the video, but it is NOT the first shrimp production system. False claims create a bad impression REPLY Luke Luke 1 week ago Very informative video. Good Initiative by Japan :) REPLY 2017 2017 1 week ago Immediate Subscribed. Very Interest. How to start this in Riau - Indonesia? Please advise. Thanks REPLY C Mott C Mott 1 week ago What is cultured? Canada has zero. 1:51. REPLY View reply Butter Bean Butter Bean 1 week ago not for sure but I have heard these shrimp are prone to disease do to filtration? I'm looking into this myself but want to make sure its safe,. REPLY WILSON QUINDE WILSON QUINDE 1 month ago The shrimp white legs is a Litopenaeus vannamei of Ecuador in Sudamerica REPLY 1 alexzl169 alexzl169 1 month ago

Diethyl ether, or simply ether, is an organic compound in the ether class with the formula 2O. It is a colorless, highly volatile flammable liquid. It is commonly used as a solvent in laboratories and as a starting fluid for some engines. Wikipedia Formula: (C2H5)2O Density: 713 kg/m³ Boiling point: 34.6 °C Molar mass: 74.12 g/mol IUPAC ID: Ethoxyethane Melting point: -116.3 °C

Diethyl malonate, also known as DEM, is the diethyl ester of malonic acid. It occurs naturally in grapes and strawberries as a colourless liquid with an apple-like odour, and is used in perfumes. It is also used to synthesize other compounds such as barbiturates, artificial flavourings, vitamin B1, and vitamin B6.

Mind Chill

* Stress is the 21st century health epidemic. * Depression and anxiety amongst teenagers increased 70% in the last 25 years. * 60% of overthinking is about yourself and negative thinking.

W A R N I N G : Not for the faint hearted to Watch W A R N I N G : Very Graphic

Medical Videos 21 minutes ago 090617 Nose Surgery

University neurologist who helped found the field, declared it to be the “the default mode of brain function,” and the constellation of brain areas that carry it out are the default mode network, or DMN

People who daydream more tend to have a more active DMN;

mobile & computer latest technology that will make you informed about the new trends of technology, innovations etc.

@TechnologyInnovation1 Send Message technologyinnovation4u@gmail.com MORE INFO About We share all about the mobile & computer latest technology that will make you informed about the new trends of technology, innovations etc. categories Education Website STORY We share all about the mobile & computer latest technology that will make you informed about the new trends of technology innovations. This page is not confined to a specif country technology innovations rather it will cover the latest innovations in technology world all over the world.

JULY 26, 2017, 7:00 AM Sweeping study shows sharply declining male fertility Meta-analysis finds that among men from North America, Europe and Australia, sperm concentration has declined more than 50% in less than 40 years. By ISRAEL21c Staff

A groundbreaking meta-analysis of data collected between 1973 and 2011 has found that sperm concentration has declined by more than half among men from Western countries, with no sign of a “leveling off” in recent years. The study appears today in Human Reproduction Update. UNCOVER ISRAEL - Get the ISRAEL21c Weekly Edition free by email Sign Up Now! The research — the first systematic review and meta-analysis of trends in sperm count –was led by Dr. Hagai Levine, head of the Environmental Health Track at the Hebrew University-Hadassah Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jerusalem. Levine worked with Dr. Shanna H Swan, professor in the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, and other researchers from Brazil, Denmark, Israel, Spain and the United States. Their findings strongly suggest a significant decline in male reproductive health that has serious implications beyond fertility and reproduction, as recent evidence shows that men with poor semen quality may have a higher risk of hospitalization and death from a variety of health conditions. “Given the importance of sperm counts for male fertility and human health, this study is an urgent wake-up call for researchers and health authorities around the world to investigate the causes of the sharp ongoing drop in sperm count, with the goal of prevention,” said Levine. Dr. Hagai Levine, the study’s lead author and Head of the Environmental Health Track at the Hebrew University-Hadassah Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine. Photo courtesy of Hebrew University Why are sperm counts declining? When the researchers screened 7,500 studies and conducted a meta-regression analysis on 185 studies between 1973 and 2011, they found a 52.4 percent decline in sperm concentration, and a 59.3% decline in total sperm count among men from North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. The men were not selected based on their fertility status. The study also indicates the rate of decline among Western men is not decreasing. The slope was steep and significant even when analysis was restricted to studies with sample collection between 1996 and 2011. In contrast, no significant decline was seen in South America, Asia and Africa, although far fewer studies have been conducted in these places. While declines in sperm count have been reported since 1992, the question has remained controversial because of limitations in past studies. The current study used a broader scope and rigorous meta-regression methods, conservatively addressed the reliability of study estimates, and controlled for factors that might help explain the decline such as age, abstinence time, and selection of the study population. The researchers did not examine causes of the observed decline. However, sperm count has been associated with environmental and lifestyle influences, including prenatal chemical exposure, adult pesticide exposure, smoking, stress and obesity. “Decreasing sperm count has been of great concern since it was first reported 25 years ago. This definitive study shows, for the first time, that this decline is strong and continuing. The fact that the decline is seen in Western countries strongly suggests that chemicals in commerce are playing a causal role in this trend,” said Swan. “We and others are also studying the association between poor semen quality or sperm function and fetal outcomes,” Levine tells ISRAEL21c. Researchers from the Faculty of Health Sciences at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Beersheva also participated in the study along with scientists from the University of Copenhagen; Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; and the University of Murcia School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Spain. Funding was provided by the Environment and Health Fund, Jerusalem; American Healthcare Professionals and Friends for Medicine in Israel; Israel Medical Association; Research Fund of Rigshospitalet; Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development; and the Mount Sinai Transdisciplinary Center on Early Environmental Exposures. Read more on: Health, sperm count, fertility

team developed the world's smallest DNA computing machine system, according to the Guinness Book of Records.

So small that a trillion of them can fit in a drop of water, a biomolecular computer made of DNA detected cancer in a test tube and released a molecule to destroy it. Did You Know ISRAEL21c brings together some of the biggest achievements that have come out of Israel. SHARETWEETEMAIL TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT HEALTH TRAVEL SOCIAL ACTION PEOPLE Technology Weizmann Institute of Science researcher Ehud Shapiro and his team developed the world's smallest DNA computing machine system, according to the Guinness Book of Records. ISRAEL21c Staff AUGUST 14, 2017, 8:23 AM Oracle welcomes its first class of Israeli startups Inaugural Oracle Startup Cloud Accelerator kicks off in Tel Aviv with five startups in predictive maintenance and cloud native networking. By ISRAEL21c Staff https://www.israel21c.org/writer/israel21c-staff/ AUGUST 8, 2017, 12:20 PM Stem-cell treatment may harm heart disease patients Israeli researchers discover that using cells from the host patient to repair tissues in the heart can be toxic. By ISRAEL21c Staff AUGUST 7, 2017, 2:09 PM Iconic Israeli company Netafim sold for $1.5 billion Netafim, the world’s largest irrigation company, has been purchased by Mexican petrochemical firm Mexichem. Founder, Kibbutz Hatzerim will retain remaining 20% stake. By ISRAEL21c Staff AUGUST 7, 2017, 8:04 AM Self-taught Israeli football player makes history in US You saw it here first: Israel’s first US college football player, Yaniv Kovalski, was featured on two 21see videos and now in the Washington Post. By ISRAEL21c Staff AUGUST 3, 2017, 9:00 AM Israeli scientist develops early diagnostic test for Parkinson’s Suaad Abd-Elhadi’s new assay could pave the way for early diagnosis and improved treatment of the debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. By ISRAEL21c Staff JULY 27, 2017, 10:34 AM All faiths must unite to fight climate change, clergy urge Jewish, Muslim and Christian leaders meet at the Jerusalem Press Club during a hot summer to encourage awareness and action. By ISRAEL21c Staff JULY 26, 2017, 7:00 AM Sweeping study shows sharply declining male fertility Meta-analysis finds that among men from North America, Europe and Australia, sperm concentration has declined more than 50% in less than 40 years. By ISRAEL21c Staff JULY 25, 2017, 9:00 AM Australia gets its own branch of a popular Tel Aviv eatery Israeli celebrity chef Eyal Shani’s Miznon pita place set to open its latest overseas branch on Hardware Lane in Melbourne this summer. By ISRAEL21c Staff JULY 20, 2017, 9:00 AM Israel, Brazil call for more economic cooperation Brazilian Minister of Industry, Trade and Services Marcos Pereira makes first official visit to Israel. By ISRAEL21c Staff JULY 20, 2017, 7:00 AM Kids’ Jerusalem art project aims for Guinness record book Children Dreaming Jerusalem, an exhibition of paintings by 5,000 preschoolers, will be mounted on the ceilings of light-rail cars. By ISRAEL21c Staff JULY 17, 2017, 9:44 AM Personalized medicine and cannabinoids deal inked CURE Pharmaceutical and Israel’s Therapix Biosciences sign MoU with Israel's Assuta Medical Centers to develop first-in-class therapeutic products. By ISRAEL21c Staff JULY 12, 2017, 9:44 AM Israeli Wheelchairs of Hope donated in Vietnam Israel’s Embassy in Vietnam is donating 100 innovative wheelchairs especially designed for children with disabilities. By ISRAEL21c Staff JULY 9, 2017, 9:10 AM Israel’s Eco Wave Power building 4.1MW project in Mexico Manzanillo Port project is said to be first of its kind in Mexico, generating energy from ocean waves. By ISRAEL21c Staff JULY 6, 2017, 10:22 AM Susan Sarandon visits IsraAID project in Germany Oscar-winning actress came to refugee camps to raise awareness about the global refugee crisis and observe Israeli mental-health professionals. By ISRAEL21c Staff JULY 6, 2017, 7:00 AM Customized antibiotics treatments now possible Technion system enables faster diagnostics, earlier and more effective treatment of infectious bacteria, and improved patient recovery times. By ISRAEL21c Staff Page 1 of 166 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 166 > https://www.israel21c.org/writer/israel21c-staff/

DNA

ScientifiQulture on Thursday 08 12 17 What is DNA sequencing ?

SCIENCE LIES 12 biggest

Newstarget.com about a week ago The 12 biggest SCIENCE LIES you've been told by corporations, ...

future of transport

Hashem Al-Ghaili 3 hours ago This amazing concept could be the future of transport

Einstein's office in Princeton, New Jersey, photographed on the day of his death, April 18, 1955. pic.twitter.com/vmIu7IL4bl📷

— History In Pictures (@LostlnHistory) August 10, 2017

Kneecap Fracture Repair Surgery

Medical Videos 12 minutes ago Kneecap Fracture Repair Surgery

heavens and the earth

JW Brothers about 9 months ago · The infinite power of our Creator #jw #jwrussia The infinite power of our Creator #jw #jwrussia 374,378 Views Oscar del Rosario LikeShow more reactionsCommentShare Top Comments 6.8K 6.8K 13,190 shares Comments Frances Flores Frances Flores It's no wonder the angels applauded at all the makings of creation of the heavens and the earth by Jehovah's great hands. Our appreciation of our grand creator abounds in awe!❤️ LikeShow more reactions · Reply · 65 · October 29, 2016 at 6:55am Manage Hugi Bugi Hugi Bugi Wow! And millions think that this just suddenly happened without intelligence behind this? That people are not enough humble to see Jehovah The Creator, who used his magnificent power to create this LikeShow more reactions · Reply · 41 · October 29, 2016 at 11:19pm Manage 1 Reply Patricia Villegas Patricia Villegas Woww not only is jehovah God a magnificent creator he also has the most beautiful attributes and qualities, is it any wonder that many are so drawn to him,all glory is to him❤️ LikeShow more reactions · Reply · 22 · October 30, 2016 at 7:29am Manage Wilmer Salas Wilmer Salas No wonder He alone promises ressurection .. Because his marvelous and awesme power demonstrate that He created all things from nothingness to the infinite vastness of the universe.. LikeShow more reactions · Reply · 29 · October 29, 2016 at 12:09pm Manage Kim Chambers Kim Chambers We are so small, but Jehovah does not treat us as insignificant. Out of all his creations we are special to him. Nothing is made in his likeness except us. No matter how imperfect we are and undeserving of his kindness, he cares for us so much he ga...See More LikeShow more reactions · Reply · 18 · March 7 at 2:25am Manage 2 Replies Trinidad Seloveres Trinidad Seloveres wow.even the said trillion light yr distances jehovah god on His throne above ,sees us even our #physical #information. i will praise you jehovah because all the things you have made are so awe inspiring.rev.4:11 LikeShow more reactions · Reply · 19 · October 29, 2016 at 6:47pm Manage 1 Reply Shannon Minshew Shannon Minshew Anyone who believes alk these complex things from the tiniest cell to the giant planets and infinite Universe came by chance are so blind. It is obvious an Almighty Creator did it. LikeShow more reactions · Reply · 14 · October 31, 2016 at 1:20pm Manage 1 Reply Ruth Billones Ruth Billones Though we seemed insignificant in Jehovah's eyes, he cares for each one of us- even our hair he knows its number. This video really moved me to love and serve our Grand Creator, Jehovah God. LikeShow more reactions · Reply · 18 · November 7, 2016 at 7:06pm Manage Tina Povey Tina Povey That's so wonderful Romans 1 v 20 for his invisible qualities are clearly seen from the world's creation onward because they are perceived by the things made even his eternal power and Godship so that they are inexcusable. You are worthy Jehovah our God to receive the glory and the honor Revelation 4 v 11 LikeShow more reactions · Reply · 16 · December 29, 2016 at 7:50am Manage JD Douglas JD Douglas Raised in the truth but never baptized. Getting back to meetings now but this is the kind of stuff that I constantly think about and try to talk to friends about. You CANNOT tell me or anyone that this system wasn't created by Jehovah and that there are bigger plans and an end to this system for a perfect paradise earth. This just didn't happen by "chance" 😁 LikeShow more reactions · Reply · 7 · April 19 at 12:14pm Manage 2 Replies 10 of 557 View more comments Oscar del Rosario Write a comment... Choose File

stage 4 lung cancer

OCTOBER 2, 2016 BY ANYA V Thanks to cannabis, I survived terminal stage 4 lung cancer Ever since the mid 70s, medical scientists have been well aware of the beneficial effects of cannabinoid compounds over cancerous cell. Further evidence to support the effects of cannabis extract on malignant cells comes from the real life experience of individuals who have successfully overcome cancer by using cannabis oil. line2 line2 Sharon Kelly was diagnosed with Stage IV non-small lung cancer in January 2014. Her condition was deemed terminal, although it was discovered that an oral chemotherapeutic drug called Tarceva could potentially extend her life. With the drug, she was given 6 to 9 months to live. line2 line2 Sharon discovered that cannabis oil could actually save her life, and began using it along with Tarceva in February 2014. She was able to increase her intake by adding cannabis suppositories as well. The combination of treatments proved very potent, and by September 3rd, 2014, a scan showed Sharon was cancer free. In February 2015, medical tests indicated cancer cells had reemerged in Sharon’s lungs. This recurrence is much smaller compared to the original tumors Sharon had, and she is using aggressive cannabis extract therapy to once again beat the cancer. line2 line2 Her experience has made her one of the most powerful activists in the Australian medicinal cannabis community. Cannabis cures cancer Health researchers for the US government claim that cannabinoids – the active ingredients in cannabis – can inhibit the illness by causing cell death and blocking key blood vessels needed by tumours to grow. They say studies in mice and rats show cannabinoids may be able to kill cancer cells – while still protecting normal cells. The National Cancer Institute (NCI), one of the federal government sponsored agencies, admits that cannabis kills cancer.They found that, “cannabinoids may inhibit tumor growth by causing cell death, blocking cell growth, and blocking the development of blood vessels needed by tumors to grow. Laboratory and animal studies have shown that cannabinoids may be able to kill cancer cells while protecting normal cells”.

Here, we investigated the contribution of gut microbiota to chemoresistance in patients with colorectal cancer ; ARTICLESwitch to Standard View Fusobacterium nucleatum Promotes Chemoresistance to Colorectal Cancer by Modulating Autophagy

Highlights •Specific gut microbes track with post-chemotherapy recurrence of colorectal cancer •F. nucleatum orchestrates the Toll-like receptor, microRNAs, and autophagy network to control cancer chemoresistance •Measuring and targeting F. nucleatum may be useful for patient prognosis and management Summary Gut microbiota are linked to chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. Chemotherapy failure is the major cause of recurrence and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. . We found that Fusobacterium (F.) nucleatum was abundant in colorectal cancer tissues in patients with recurrence post chemotherapy, and was associated with patient clinicopathological characterisitcs. Furthermore, our bioinformatic and functional studies demonstrated that F. nucleatum promoted colorectal cancer resistance to chemotherapy. Mechanistically, F. nucleatum targeted TLR4 and MYD88 innate immune signaling and specific microRNAs to activate the autophagy pathway and alter colorectal cancer chemotherapeutic response. Thus, F. nucleatum orchestrates a molecular network of the Toll-like receptor, microRNAs, and autophagy to clinically, biologically, and mechanistically control colorectal cancer chemoresistance. Measuring and targeting F. nucleatum and its associated pathway will yield valuable insight into clinical management and may ameliorate colorectal cancer patient outcomes. Keywords: Colorectal cancer, recurrence, chemoresistance, F.nucleatum, autophagy, Toll-like receptor, miRNA To access this article, please choose from the options below Log In Login to existing account Forgot password? Register Create a new account Read-It-Now Now available: purchase access to all research journal HTML articles for 6 or 36 hours. Click here to explore this opportunity. Purchase Access to this Article PDF Download and 24 Hours Online Access Claim Access If you are a current subscriber with Society Membership or an Account Number, claim your access now. Subscribe to this Journal Purchase a subscription to gain access to this and all other articles in this journal.

Pineal Gland - The Gateway to Expanded Consciousness - Human B...

Close Quantum University about 10 months ago Pineal Gland - The Gateway to Expanded Consciousness - Human B...

Science Communication & Visualisation - somersault18:24 shared Medical Videos's video. 37 mins · Great White - Cataract Eye Surgery Play -5:40 Additional Visual SettingsEnter Watch And ScrollEnter Fullscreen Unmute 1,842,406 Views Medical Videos July 18 at 7:03am · Great White - Cataract Eye Surgery

Close Medical Videos about a week ago Great White - Cataract Eye Surgery

The Human Body in Numbers

Curiosity about a month ago · The Human Body in Numbers Your body in numbers. (Via Hashem Al-Ghaili) 2,774,846 Views Oscar del Rosario LikeCommentShare Top Comments 28K 28K 40,128 shares Comments Christine Larsen Christine Larsen This is pretty awesome. Kind of makes me think about why we were designed to be able to see so many colors and differentiate so many smells. This is very amazing information. Like · Reply · 19 · June 16 at 7:53pm Manage 9 Replies Felipe Resendez Felipe Resendez The problem with this type of information is that people seem to think that only the human body is this complex and start thinking in terms of a designer,, the reality is that ALL living creatures are extremely complex, but it doesn't have to include a...See More Like · Reply · 31 · June 17 at 12:08am Manage 28 Replies Ashok Rai Ashok Rai Hmmm...I just read an article the other day about tetrachromacy in which it stated the average person can distinguish 1 million different colors, but this post states 10 million. Which is it? Curious people want to know. Like · Reply · 7 · June 16 at 6:04pm · Edited Manage John Grech John Grech Now tell me again how that evolved Tom Foolery when we have a brain that can't even make anything close, not even a computer software program we create comes close to the insane code complexity THAT IS DNA. Like · Reply · 4 · June 17 at 11:47am · Edited Manage Gunasekar Ramakrishnan Gunasekar Ramakrishnan What an amazing engineering marvel of creation of human body. Alas! We the humans dare to abuse our body and mind to destruction. Like · Reply · 8 · June 16 at 8:19pm Manage Mohamed Nseif Mohamed Nseif @Felipe Resendez : it's like telling me that a wind storm blown over huge Iron trash can produce a fully equipped Boeing 777 !!! it's Impossible to be OURSELVES without CREATOR: you'll ask HIM eagerly for help when you are in a plane, and the plan starts to shake; the Fear unveils Faith and erases Creator denial Like · Reply · 4 · June 18 at 7:49am · Edited Manage Vivek Tiwari Vivek Tiwari Good to know these stats, we think we know lot about ourselves but us so called intelligent beings from our POV with all that knowledge can't build a life out of thin air, A billion year old fact can't be proven in lab(to best of my knowledge) so not sure if that's true in first place. I have my own doubts about these numbers as they are pure estimates, that can't be proven! Like · Reply · 2 · June 18 at 12:20pm Manage Abdulqadeer Khan Abdulqadeer Khan Now a highly secular & a scientific comment. All life is amazing even at unicellular level. Because it's organised. Hence living things labelled as organisms by the way. Who organises the process of life? The solar system is organised too. So are the galaxies and the parallel universes if any. Why is this all around? Why are we here? Why how & who made us dominant creatures/species? Think! Like · Reply · 1 · July 4 at 1:58am Manage Marcia N Douglas Marcia N Douglas Interesting. The Top Comments selected for me did not = the 43 noted so I clicked on the unfiltered comments option. Many of those were foreign but without the 'translation' option. A language unknown to FB? Like · Reply · 1 · June 16 at 8:49pm Manage Nor Adli Nor Adli And the dumb-dumb atheists would say: "Ahh... No, this is just a coincidence... We are the descendent of the apes!" Darwin LIED! Don't be his victim. Like · Reply · 3 · June 17 at 6:44am Manage 1 Reply 10 of 333 View more comments Oscar del Rosario Write a comment...

Learn biology about 2 months 07 11 17 ago Trypanosoma ...infection

Scholarly articles for trypanosome infection in cattle … experimental Trypanosoma vivax infection in cattle. - ‎Esievo - Cited by 103 Effect of trypanosome infection, control of parasitaemia … - ‎Trail - Cited by 67 … of West African N'Dama cattle to trypanosomiasis - ‎Chandler - Cited by 70 Search Results Trypanosomiasis - Circulatory System - Veterinary Manual

Balance Your Neurotransmitters to Take Control of Your Life By Deane Alban Views: 323,889 FacebookLinkedInPinterestTwitterShare Neurotransmitter imbalances can cause problems with mood, memory, addictions, energy, libido, and sleep. Learn how this happens and what to do about it.

Balance Your Neurotransmitters to Take Control of Your Life By Deane Alban Views: 323,889 FacebookLinkedInPinterestTwitterShare Neurotransmitter imbalances can cause problems with mood, memory, addictions, energy, libido, and sleep. Learn how this happens and what to do about it. brain out of balance Is there an area of your life where you feel out of control? Are you a shopaholic, chocoholic, caffeine addict, or worse? Do you get depressed for no apparent reason, feel overwhelmed by life, have trouble sleeping, or have negative thoughts that you just can’t shake? If you answer yes to any of these questions, it’s very possible that you have a neurotransmitter imbalance. What Are Neurotransmitters? The human brain is composed of roughly 86 billion neurons. (1) These cells communicate with each other via chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. Scientists have found just over a hundred of these communication chemicals, and it’s believed that ultimately thousands will be discovered. (2) Neurotransmitters regulate mood, cravings, addictions, energy, libido, and sleep. They control your ability to focus, concentrate, learn, remember and handle stress. Neurotransmitter Imbalance Causes It’s estimated that 86% of Americans have suboptimal neurotransmitter levels. (3) Underlying health conditions such as hormone imbalances, chronic inflammation, thyroid diseases, and blood sugar disorders can cause neurotransmitter imbalances. (4) You can be genetically predisposed to certain neurotransmitter imbalances as well. (5) But the unhealthy modern lifestyle is largely to blame. Chronic stress, poor diet, environmental toxins, drugs (prescription and recreational), alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine are major culprits. Understand What Neurotransmitter “Imbalance” or “Deficiency” Really Means You’ll often hear about “neurotransmitter imbalances,” “low neurotransmitter levels,” or “neurotransmitter deficiencies.” We use these terms on this site too, but the reality is complicated and these phrases are not technically accurate. Because, in fact, there are no reliable ways to measure neurotransmitter levels in the brain and there are no scientifically accepted norms as to what those levels should be. (6) What is known is that certain clusters of symptoms are linked to abnormal neurotransmitter activity. So whenever you see a phrase like “low serotonin”, realize that this is a shortcut that means one or more of these processes is taking place: (7, 8) Too little of the neurotransmitter is being made or formation is being inhibited. There are too few receptors for the neurotransmitter to bind with. The neurotransmitter receptors aren’t working very well. The neurotransmitter is being broken down too soon. The neurotransmitter is not being appropriately recirculated. Know Your Neurotransmitters Many brain and memory supplements include ingredients such as amino acids, herbs, and vitamins that are designed to boost the production of one or more neurotransmitters. But there is a big problem with this shotgun approach. If you don’t know which neurotransmitters you need to boost, you might well be taking substances that could make your imbalance even worse. While all neurotransmitters are important, the “big four” are serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, and GABA. Here’s an overview of each neurotransmitter, including how to tell if you might be too low in a particular one. Decide which deficiency sounds most like your situation and then you can take appropriate steps to optimize your neurotransmitter levels. Serotonin — The “Happiness Molecule” serotonin happiness neurotransmitterOf all the neurotransmitters, serotonin definitely gets the most attention. Serotonin is called the “happiness molecule” because it’s so essential for a positive mood. Low serotonin levels are linked to the most common mood disorders of our time — depression, anxiety, eating disorders, insomnia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and seasonal affective disorder. The most commonly prescribed antidepressants are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) which are believed to help depression by increasing serotonin levels. (In reality, it’s not fully understood exactly how SSRIs work.) Symptoms of low serotonin include carbohydrate cravings, binge eating, insomnia, anxiety, negativity, digestive disorders, low self-esteem, low libido, and hypervigilance. (9) Men and women express somewhat different symptoms of low serotonin. (10) Women are much more likely to experience mood disorders and carb cravings, whereas men are more likely to be impulsive, have ADHD, and drink alcohol in excess. How to Increase Serotonin Tryptophan is the amino acid precursor, or building block, of serotonin. It’s found mainly in protein-rich foods like meat, eggs, fish, and dairy. So theoretically eating tryptophan-rich foods should raise serotonin levels, but the relationship between serotonin, tryptophan and food is not that straightforward. Unexpectedly, both tryptophan and serotonin levels drop after eating a meal containing protein. It turns out that protein blocks the synthesis of tryptophan into serotonin. Eating carbohydrates alone — with no protein — at some of your meals or snacks allows tryptophan to enter your brain and boost serotonin levels there. Another surprise is that tryptophan supplements work better than tryptophan found in food to increase serotonin. Other supplements that raise serotonin levels include SAM-e, B complex vitamins, magnesium, l-theanine, omega-3 essential fatty acids, curcumin, and the adaptogenic herb Rhodiola rosea. 5-HTP is often recommended to increase serotonin, but it’s not my top choice. A review of over 100 studies on 5-HTP concluded there is still no real evidence that it alleviates depression. (12) It’s not intended for long-term use and should never be taken with antidepressants, sedatives, or natural remedies that can increase serotonin like kava, valerian, SAM-e or St. John’s wort. (13) When taken together they can lead to potentially serious serotonin syndrome. Daily exercise, sufficient sleep, and exposure to sunshine will increase serotonin levels, too. Dopamine — The “Motivation Molecule” Dopamine has been coined the “motivation molecule.” dopamine motivation neurotransmitterIt provides the drive and focus needed to do what needs to be done. Alarmingly, lab mice that are dopamine deficient are so apathetic they’ll literally starve even when food is readily available — that’s how important dopamine is to motivation! (14) Dopamine has another important role as the brain chemical in charge of the body’s pleasure-reward system. (15, 16) Dopamine is released when your needs are about to be met and delivers a feeling of satisfaction when you’ve accomplished your goals. (17) If you’ve lost your zest for life or find yourself engaging in self-destructive behaviors to get your kicks, you may be low in dopamine. Signs of low dopamine include apathy, low energy and motivation, low libido, and inability to experience pleasure. Dopamine deficiency can manifest as a lethargic and apathetic form of depression unlike serotonin-based depression which is usually linked to anxiety. Related articles: Dopamine Deficiency, Depression and Mental Health SUBJECT: Sharper thinking, better mood Movies like Limitless and Lucy have fueled an interest in the power of nootropics. Nootropics are substances that claim to make you smarter, highly focused, and more productive. But many of the products containing these substances are neither helpful nor harmless. We've looked closely at the market and found a supplement that combines many of the most effective, safe and natural brain enhancers we know. These enhancers work with your brain's own neurotransmitters to really improve your mental energy, clarity, focus and mood. Read more about it below. Start thinking better today Deane & Dr. Pat The Best and Worst Ways to Increase Dopamine Many people self-medicate with addictive substances like caffeine, alcohol, sugar, nicotine, and recreational drugs to increase dopamine. Others get their dopamine hit from excesses of all kinds — too much shopping, sex, gambling, video games, and thrill-seeking behaviors. Fortunately, addictions and risky behaviors are not the only way to increase dopamine! You can increase dopamine naturally with the right foods, supplements, and lifestyle activities. ✓Dopamine Boosting Supplements See Amazon.com for best selection and value The amino acid tyrosine is a major building block of dopamine and must be present for dopamine synthesis. Tyrosine can be found in most animal food products. Other foods that increase dopamine include avocado, green leafy vegetables, apples, beets, chocolate, oatmeal, nuts, and seeds. (19) Two of the most popular beverages on the planet, coffee and green tea, increase dopamine. ✓Green Tea See Amazon.com for best selection and value While these drinks offer significant health benefits, be mindful that caffeine is easily abused and addictive tendencies are a hallmark of low dopamine. There are plenty of supplements that increase dopamine naturally. ✓Acetyl-l-Carnitine Supplements See Amazon.com for best selection and value A good one to start with is acetyl-l-tyrosine, a highly absorbable form of tyrosine that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier into the brain. (20) Other supplements that increase dopamine include citicoline, curcumin, Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean or cowhage), phosphatidylserine, and Ginkgo biloba. (21, 22, 23, 24, 25) Bacopa monnieri, a traditional Indian Ayurvedic herb, helps regulate dopamine production up and down as needed. (26) This makes bacopa an excellent choice for balancing dopamine levels especially for those who suspect they have too much dopamine. ✓Bacopa Supplements See Amazon.com for best selection and value Healthy lifestyle activities like physical exercise and meditation increase dopamine. (27, 28) And since dopamine is released when you accomplish a goal, taking on new challenges helps raise dopamine levels. So, break down your long-range plans into short-term goals. Then, every time you tick an item off your “to do” list, you’ll get a little dopamine boost. Related articles: How to Increase Dopamine Naturally Acetylcholine — The “Molecule of Memory and Learning” Acetylcholine, the first neurotransmitter to be discovered, is essential for learning and memory. (29) acetylcholine memory neurotransmitterSymptoms of acetylcholine deficiency are typical of “senior moments” — struggling to remember, focus, follow plots, and find the right words — regardless of age. Acetylcholine levels drop by as much as 90% in Alzheimer’s patients. (30) Acetylcholine activity is the target of Alzheimer’s drugs, which attempt to slow the progression of cognitive decline by blocking the breakdown of this brain chemical. How to Increase Acetylcholine If you are low in acetylcholine you may find yourself craving fatty foods. If so, pay attention! Your brain is trying to tell you something. The best way to increase acetylcholine is to stop eating a low-fat diet. The precursor to acetylcholine is choline, a nutrient found mainly in high-fat dairy products, fish, meat, and poultry. The best sources of choline by far are egg yolks and whole eggs. (31) According to Dr. Datis Kharrazian, author of Why Isn’t My Brain Working?, the brain literally starts to digest itself for the raw materials needed to create acetylcholine when you don’t provide it with enough dietary fat. If you’re a coffee drinker, consider switching to tea which slows the breakdown of acetylcholine. (32) The most common type of choline supplements do little to raise acetylcholine levels, but there are some forms of choline that do. (33) The alpha GPC (L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine) form, which occurs in human breast milk, readily enters the brain to improve memory and cognition. (34) Another form of choline that increases acetylcholine is citicoline. ✓Citicoline Supplements See Amazon.com for best selection and value Citicoline also increases blood flow to the brain, brain plasticity and the capacity to grow new brain cells. (35) It is used therapeutically to treat a wide variety of serious brain disorders including age-related cognitive decline, dementia, and Alzheimer’s. (36, 37) Other supplements that naturally increase acetylcholine levels are huperzine-A, derived from Chinese club moss, and galantamine, derived from the snowdrop flower. ✓Mind Lab Pro Brain Supplement Optimizes brain health, supports memory, focus & mood The last tip for increasing acetylcholine is to avoid anticholinergic drugs. These are drugs that destroy acetylcholine and are surprisingly common. A good rule of thumb is that any medication that starts with “anti” is likely to affect your acetylcholine levels such as antibiotics, antihistamines, and antidepressants. This includes over-the-counter remedies for allergies, insomnia, pain, and acid reflux like Benadryl, Nytol, Tylenol PM, and Tagamet. (38, 39) Related articles: How Acetylcholine Deficiency Impacts Memory GABA — “Nature’s Valium” GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a relaxing neurotransmitter that’s been dubbed “nature’s Valium.” gaba relaxation neurotransmitterThis brain chemical normally puts the brakes on brain activity on an as-needed basis, but when you’re low in GABA your mind gets stuck in the “on” position. Typical symptoms of low GABA are being easily stressed out, overstimulated, and overwhelmed. Other signs and symptoms of low GABA are lying awake with racing thoughts, feeling dread for no particular reason, and experiencing heart palpitations, cold hands, and shortness of breath. Low GABA is associated with anxiety disorders and panic attacks, as well as physical disorders with an emotional component such as irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia. (40) Related articles: How to Reduce Cortisol, the Stress Hormone How to Increase GABA You may be drawn to unhealthy ways to increase GABA such as reaching for high carbohydrate foods, alcohol, or drugs to relax. But there are healthy foods and supplements that will do the trick. According Dr. Eric Braverman, bestselling author of Younger Brain, Sharper Mind, bananas, broccoli, brown rice, citrus fruit, fish, lentils, nuts, oats, organ meats, spinach, and whole grains are among the best foods for increasing GABA. Fermented foods like unpasteurized yogurt, kefir, saurkraut, kimchi, and miso also raise GABA levels. GABA supplements are available, but are of limited use since GABA is too large a molecule to cross from the bloodstream into the brain. Instead, consider taurine, an amino acid that activates GABA receptors in the brain and encourages the formation of GABA. (41) ✓Taurine Supplements See Amazon.com for best selection and value Probiotic supplements that contain Lactobacillus rhamnosus markedly improve GABA levels. (42) ✓Probiotic Supplements See Amazon.com for best selection and value Other GABA-boosting supplements include magnesium, l-theanine, and kava. If you live where you can buy picamilon, you might want to give it a try. It combines GABA with niacin to create a compound that more readily enters the brain. (43) Picamilon is considered a smart drug among college students who use it to boost memory, focus and brain power. (44) In 2015, the Food and Drug Administration decided it was more drug-like than supplement-like and pulled it from the shelves, so it is no longer readily available in the US. (45) All kinds of exercise can increase GABA, but yoga in particular stands out. One study found that just a single one-hour session of yoga increased GABA levels by 27%. (46) Related articles: GABA Supplements for Stress and Anxiety Relief What About Neurotransmitter Testing? You can order do-it-yourself neurotransmitter tests online that measure levels of neurotransmitters in your saliva or urine. Many experts believe these tests are a total waste of money since there is virtually no proven connection between the levels of neurotransmitters found circulating throughout your body and those in your brain. Neurotransmitters are not produced just in the brain — 95% of your body’s serotonin is produced and resides in your intestines! (47) A comprehensive analysis of neurotransmitter testing concluded that there is no connection between the actual levels of neurotransmitters found in the urine and those in the brain. This makes sense when you consider that neurotransmitters generally do not cross the blood-brain barrier. By and large, neurotransmitters created in the brain stay in the brain and those created elsewhere in the body stay there. Symptom-based questionnaires have been used for years to determine neurotransmitter deficiencies quite effectively. Hopefully, what you read in this article can help you determine the neurotransmitter deficiencies that pertain to you. But if you are still unsure which neurotransmitters are at the root of your problems, here are three free reputable quizzes to guide you toward some answers: Dr. Eric Braverman’s Brain Deficiency Quiz — available as a PDF. Dr. Mark Hyman’s The UltraMind Solution Companion Guide — available as a PDF. Julia Ross’s Mood Cure Questionnaire — available on MoodCure.com. Related articles: Neurotransmitter Testing: Is It Effective? Is There a Better Alternative? Neurotransmitter Imbalances: The Bottom Line Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers used by brain cells to communicate with each other. They exert a great deal of control over many aspects of life. By recognizing the symptoms of deficiencies of the most influential neurotransmitters, you can take appropriate steps to bring your brain chemicals — and your life — back into balance. FacebookLinkedInPinterestTwitterShare 12 Comments Sort by Newest Add a comment... Kelly Rose Hi! I'm 25 and I've had constant derealization for almost 14 years now stemming from an anxiety/panic disorder with high stress. Basically, it feels like reality is a dream and I can't fully connect to anything that's happening or that I'm doing, like I'm on autopilot and there's a fog blocking me from the world. I've learned to live with it since I was 12, but am at the point where I just want to feel normal again and live my life. I'm on Zoloft which does help take the edge off of the anxiety a bit, but it has never done anything for this issue. I've tried mindfuless and meditation but it's really difficult when I can't focus or connect. I've heard from other people with this that it is caused by low dopamine in the brain, do you have any information at all on derealization? Thanks so much for your help! Like · Reply · Jun 24, 2017 2:40pm Kelly Rose Be Brain Fit Yes! Honestly, I can see myself in almost all of the deficiencies listed above, but Dopamine is definitely one of them. I've been to my GP, a psychologist and nutritionist about the issue over the years and have had no luck at all. I haven't considered seeing those types of doctors, but I'm definitely going to look into it. Thanks for the suggestion and the links! Like · Reply · Jun 26, 2017 5:24am Sarah Bristow · Langley, British Columbia After having my son I have noticed my mood has been a bit depressed. I sleep all night long, yet i am still tired... unmotivated, and my zest for life sometimes feels gone. I do not have the anxiety part that fits into the serotonin category... however i do have some symptoms. I also have some symptoms of low dopamine as well. I am nervous about taking something that could depress my dopamine (aka 5 HTP)... is it possible to take both as a supplement?.. like 5 HTP and then L-Tyrosine for the dopamine aspect? or do you suggest something else. thanks :) Like · Reply · Jun 22, 2017 4:33am Sarah Bristow · Langley, British Columbia Also Be Brain Fit would you suggest something like SAM-e? Like · Reply · Jun 22, 2017 4:35am Sarah Bristow · Langley, British Columbia @Be Brain Fit, wondering though if you can be low in both serotonin AND dopamine. I see a lot of "all in one" supplements have GABA added which I do not want... (I don't need to feel more calm.. lol, I need some energy and drive!). So is it common to still take a supplement for both dopamine and serotonin needs? Like · Reply · Jun 23, 2017 5:10am Sarah Bristow · Langley, British Columbia Be Brain Fit So to clairify, you suggest taking Tryptophan in the evening (as to increase serotonin) with a B complex..., and Tyrosine (specifically n-acetyl tyrosine) in the morning for dopamine. Where does SAM-e fit into this?... ive read SAM-e increases both dopamine and serotonin. basically i want to find a happy balance.... :) Like · Reply · Jun 23, 2017 6:01am Show 3 more replies in this thread Sydney Hicks · Elba Junior Senior High School Hi I'm 18 and believed to be suffer from gaba I have aniexty and panic disorder I hae suffered from gaba for 4 months being put on a long term release of xannx a few weeks ago if I was being honest I really have no control over my life constantly being scared of my next panic attack band wonder about my life my mom only works not even 10mins away and when I'm alone at home I will end up going so fast for my self and tweak out about my breathing and then drive as fast as I can to my moms work where I sit from 8:15am -6:20pn almost everyday scared is there any way to help get my life back Like · Reply · Jun 19, 2017 9:04am Reni Becker Hello, my 17 year old daughter has OCD and GAD. What supplements would be right for her ? After reading I am sure she has low GABA and low serotonin. What about imbalance of GABA and Glutamate ? Thanks Like · Reply · May 17, 2017 5:22am Reni Becker Be Brain Fit thank you. Like · Reply · May 17, 2017 9:25am Liam O'Donnell · Civil/Structural Engineer at Transport for London This is a great article, I'm having issues with stress and my small intestinal motility is slow, I also have rapid thoughts and I'm always on edge all of the time. I did a urine test recently and it showed my dopamine was very high and my serotonin was very low :(. I have been taking 5-http and exercising more and it is helping. However I'm still not over the line. Does it take quite a bit of time to balance dopamine and serotonin again? I think I need to be a bit more patient Like · Reply · May 1, 2017 6:47pm Liam O'Donnell · Civil/Structural Engineer at Transport for London Thanks for your response. Yeah I agree, I've been so stressed out over the past few years and have generally been an angry person. I think I've been depressed for quite some time but wasn't really bothered by it. It's only now that I have functional dyspepsia that I'm finally trying to sort it. Yes it's going to take some time but I believe it will build me as an individual as well. Thanks Like · Reply · May 2, 2017 11:20pm Liam O'Donnell · Civil/Structural Engineer at Transport for London Be Brain Fit do you have any recommendations for restoring the serotonin receptors? For example aerobic exercise? Happy thoughts? Like · Reply · May 2, 2017 11:21pm Mayur Jena · Odisha State Open University ( OSOU) I have a query for a research, whcih are the neurotransmitters that are produced by deep diphragamtic breathing ? Like · Reply · Apr 29, 2017 9:36am Mayur Jena · Odisha State Open University ( OSOU) Hi Be Brain Fit thank you. Does deep bretahing from the lungs can secretes serotinin, oxytocin, dopamine and the endorphins? Like · Reply · Apr 29, 2017 12:44pm Corinne Scurr I'm wondering, as I seem to need an increase of all of the neurotransmitter precursors, if an attempt at this would be counterproductive? Like · Reply · Apr 23, 2017 9:02pm Depression Recovery School Thanks for the article. I have a question; If you can't measure levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the brain, how can we know if we are low (in the brain)? Further, how do we know that anti-depressants actually increase levels of serotonin, again, if the levels cannot be measured? Like · Reply · Mar 14, 2017 8:27am Chez Kloud · Information Broker at Max G. Information Services does anyone have evidence that kava increaces or upregulates the amount of GABA in the brain, so like lets say you are on xanax and over use your GABA would kava help raise those levels back to normal faster? anecdotal or studies would be great thanks! Like · Reply · Mar 2, 2017 5:24am Joyce Gasking · The University of Queensland - UQ thank you - a useful easy to read article with good references and practical suggestions Like · Reply · 1 · Feb 8, 2017 1:25pm Load 2 more comments