Top 10 Fastest Ways to Make Money Online
In contemporary world, everyone is interested in making money online, even if they are not interested to have it as a full time job. So you must be clear about what kinds of resources are available on the internet for common people to make quick money. I have done a lot of research on this and found the following ten ways that are very useful and common nowadays.
Be an Entrepreneur
In this method you can start making money by joining a membership program to be an entrepreneur.This is a membership program where you can find ten multiple income streams instantly at one place. So you work for one program but get paid from 10 different big companies. Its the most simplest step by step to make money online on earth. This is new and unique method to get paid from 10 different sources at one place. So lets suppose if you made $10 from one income stream daily on average then 10X formula will reward you??? $10X$10=$100 Means $100 per day which is very reasonable to start.. Click here if this sounds interesting to you.
Social Media Manager Jobs
Nowadays, this method is also very common and easy to make quick money. Just enroll yourself for a platform where such kinds of jobs are available. It is the easiest thing to make money online if you love social media and spend a lot of time on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and YouTube etc. You can work here with this method for per offer or per hour. It’s up to you. Per hour rate ranges are from $10 to $100 and per offer rate ranges are from $5 to $500. Click here if this sounds interesting to you.
Test Mobile Apps
Wow! This is also a new and unique method to make money online. Nowadays, this method is also very common and easy to make quick money. Everyone is using smart phone these days. So, many companies are trying to sell apps, but it has been noticed that people buy only those apps which have good rating and reviews. So app owners are ready to pay money to those who can rate their app up and give a good review about it. You can easily get from $20 to $200 per review. Click here if this sounds interesting to you.
Survey Jobs
Nowadays, this method is also very common and easy to make quick money. This is the best and the most common way of making money online. It’s is very simple method. You just need a list of websites like surveysavvy and others who conduct such kind of surveys. Just signup these websites and wait for survey offers. One survey completion will pay you from $2 to $25. Click here if this sounds interesting to you.
Online Jobs
The most common and traditional way of making money online is data entry jobs and this method will stay forever. Freelancing data entry jobs are the biggest phenomena of entire internet marketing. This option is never ending and always available. Many online entrepreneurs just started their online career from this method. Click here if this sounds interesting to you.
Writing Jobs
This is the oldest and traditional method of making money online. Honestly, if you cannot write, you cannot earn. The concept of freelancing, blogging and social media posting diminishes if you can’t or don’t write. Click here to get an opportunity.
Sell Your Voice
This is something new and bit unique in making money online. In this method, you will create a profile at voice over freelancing platforms and give a bid to those who need your voice over to their script. They will check your voice and offer you some money to use your voice for their script. Normal Script of 500 words will give you from $50 to $500. It depends upon your voice quality & circumstances. Click here if this sounds interesting to you.
Sell Other’s Products
It’s very simple to sell other’s product if you have an audience and this phenomenon is called affiliate marketing. It’s also very easy to build audience if you are ready to work on it on daily basis. In this method, you need to promote products which are very easily available on entire internet. Business owners beg to affiliate marketers to sell their products and they are ready to pay 25% to & 75% commission. In this way, you can get from $10 to $1000 just for selling one product. Click here if this sounds interesting to you.
Sell Your Pictures
It’s new and unique method. Many websites need graphics and pictures of people and places to make their webpages more attractive. There is a copyright issue for pictures globally; therefore, these websites need unique pictures. These websites can pay $100 to $500 for one picture bundle having 100 to 200 pics. Click here if this sounds interesting to you.
Amazon Kindle Publishing
Being an author was very charming in past but it is not a big deal nowadays. You can publish your ebook on amazon without writing a single line. It is very reputed and respected method to make money online. Just take a problem and write an ebook to solve it. Then, publish it on amazon. Amazon is one of the biggest platforms on the internet, so you won’t need a lot of hard work to market this ebook. It will depend upon how much price you set for your ebook. Its range is from $5 to $50. Click here if this sounds interesting to you.
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13 Alternatives to Viagra That Won't Fall Flat
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Posted on: Saturday, July 19th 2014 at 7:15 pm
Written By: Sayer Ji, Founder
This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2014
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13 Alternatives to Viagra That Won't Fall Flat
Viagra is a multi-billion dollar blockbuster drug, but it has serious side effects. Thankfully evidence-based natural alternatives abound...
Erectile dysfunction is no trivial matter. In fact, Dr. Mercola correctly labeled it 'the canary in the trousers,' insofar as dysfunction 'where it counts' reflects body-wide endothelial dysfunction, a well known precursor to cardiovascular disease.
But putting aside its importance for overall health, the male ego depends in large part on the ability to 'get it up,' and when things don't work out as planned, quite a lot can go wrong as far as intimacy is concerned. It has been said that when sexual issues emerge in a relationship, they take on 90% importance, but when they aren't an issue, they only figure 10% in the overall success of the relationship.
Men, especially in the 35-45 range, also are faced with what is known as andropause, as the levels of key 'erotic' hormones such as testosterone and human growth human start to take a precipitous decline.
The pharmaceutical industry has capitalized heavily on this 'change of life' phase, with Viagra taking on a 'pole position' for several decades. But these pharmaceuticals have severe, if not sometimes deadly side effects. All the more reason why natural alternatives are in great need today.
So, what does the 'hard evidence' itself have to say on the topic of natural alternatives. Take a moment to look at what we have found:
L-arginine: #1 on the list is the amino acid l-arginine. A precursor to nitric oxide, this conditionally non-essential amino acid is especially important in times of trauma or stress. What makes is 'conditionally essential' is that while the body can normally produce adequate quantities, during times of stress (including burn trauma), the body is unable to produce sufficient quantities, at which time supplementation is of key importance. Also, when the arteries undergo what is called 'endothelial dysfunction,' and are incapable of dilating sufficiently, adding additional l-arginine can correct the condition by inducing nitric oxide up-regulation, subsequently increasing blood flow, which can lead to resolution of cardiovascular dysfunction, including erectile dysfunction. We have indexed no less than six clinical studies on l-arginine, either alone or in combination with another nutraceutical, indicating it can contribute to a reversal of erectile dysfunction. You can view the studies here.
Pycnogenol: This amazing substance has a wide range of health benefits. In fact, we have indexed over 80 evidence-based health applications here. When it comes to erectile dysfunction, pycnogenol figures as a profound synergist, working to amplify the benefits of l-arginine to the point where two separate clinical studies found the combination highly effective and safe in resolving erectile dysfunction.[1][2]
Panax Ginseng: This amazing Asian herb has been used for thousands of years to increase stamina and longevity. There is now a sizable body of scientific evidence supporting its traditional folkoric use, with a 2008 meta-analysis of the extant research on the topic, which looked at 7 randomized clinical trials to ascertain its value in erectile dysfunction, concluding: "Collectively these RCTs provide suggestive evidence for the effectiveness of red ginseng in the treatment of erectile dysfunction."[3]
Maca: this South American tuber, both a food and medicine, and long identified as a means to increasing fertility and libido in both men and woman, was found in a 2009 clinical trial to have a significant effect "...on subjective perception of general and sexual well-being in adult patients with mild ED."[4]
Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia): Like most traditional herbs, Tongkat Ali has had a variety of traditional uses, including as an "antimalarial, aphrodisiac, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antipyretic [fever-reducer]."[5] As far as its libido enhancing properties, two preclinical trials have found it effective in the animal model at improving sexual performance, confirming its aphrodisiacal properites.[6],[7]
Saffron: this sacred spice, highly prized as both a culinary ingredient and medicine, has been studied to have significant effects in reversing erectile dysfunction at doses of 200 mg a day. A 2009 study found: "Saffron showed a positive effect on sexual function with increased number and duration of erectile events seen in patients with ED even only after taking it for ten days."[8]
Yohimbe: This potent herb has been found effective when combined with l-arginine to improve erectile dysfunction. A 2002 study concluded: "oral administration of the L-arginine glutamate 6g and 6 mg yohimbine combination is effective in improving erectile function in patients with mild to moderate ED."[9] [Warning: Yohimbe and its active ingredient yohimbine is a potent nutraceutical with possible severe side effects such as hypertension. It is advisable to use it only under the guidance of a physician or medical herbalist to avoid possible side effects, especially if already using prescription drugs.]
Tribulis: This potent herb has libido enhancing properties for both men and women. We recently featured a study showing it helps women to increase their libido. The preclinical research on male libido is promising, with no less than three studies indicating its benefits for erectile dysfunction.[10],[11],[12]
Green Tea: A highly provocative animal study from 2008 indicates that green tea may address both the origin of erectile dysfunction by diminishing atherosclerotic progression in the corpus cavernosum of the male rat penis, subsequently indicating improvement in both erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular health.[13] This is, in fact, not the first study to show that green tea can correct endothelial dysfunction.[14]
Exercise: One of the best ways to improve your body image, self-esteem, and sexual vitality is through exercise. A 2009 study found that physical inactivity contributes to erectile dysfunction – essentially a no-brainer.[15]
A Sense of Humor: Living life with a negative attitude, especially when afflicted with a health condition, doesn't reflect well as far as sexuality is concerned. A remarkable 2008 study found that viewing humorous films in patients with atopic dermatitis leads to short-term improvement of erectile dysfunction.[16] While we don't know for sure if this study extends to everyone with the condition, it is instructive, perhaps, to look at a degree of levity and light-heartedness as an essential precondition to alleviating some degree of sexual dysfunction. Sex should be fun, right? So lighten up by increasing you humor and joy, whenever possible.
AVOID STATIN DRUGS: One of the primary precepts of functional medicine is to avoid the cause of disease, rather than just suppress the symptoms. Statin drugs are well-known to adversely affect the male gonads, as well as reducing both testosterone and libido, leading to the well known consequence of statin-induced erectile dysfunction. Take a look at these 7 clinical studies if you need convincing that this side effect is read. Were statins effective at preventing heart disease, it would be difficult to reject them. But the fact that they are cardiotoxic makes it all the more questionable to continue on them, especially considering the severe quality of life issues they generate, including erectile dysfunction. Please share with your physician our research page on the 300+ adverse effects of statins to come up with a more reasonable approach to cardiovascular disease prevention.
AVOID Anti-Depressants: Perhaps surprisingly, antidepressant drugs have been found to be a major cause of sexual dysfunction. A 2006 study found that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), e.g. Prozac, Paxil, are associated with sexual dysfunction in 95.6% of women and 97.9% men.[17] What a misnomer! What could be more depressing than killing your sexual desire with a pharmaceutical Band-Aid?
Ultimately, sexual dysfunction begins in the brain. Nothing can eliminate a dysfunctional relationship or a lack of intimacy that often follows from it. While natural interventions exist – Ginseng, Arginine, Tribulus, etc. – it should be remembered that that erectile dysfunction stems from more than just physiological issues. A lack of desire may reflect a lack of appreciation for one's own self, body image, or sense of sensuality. Nonetheless, it is good to know that alternatives to pharmaceuticals like Viagra exist, and are evidence-based, safer and time-tested. Moreover, it is important to acknowledge that the 'canary in the trousers' often reflects cardiovascular dysfunction body-wide, and the best way to address that is through a radical transformation of the diet, focusing on a grain and dairy-free ancestral diet rich in high nutrient, low carbohydrate vegetables, tubers and fruits and berries, as well as high quality natural fats and protein sources that are consistent with our biological heritage.
REFERENCES
[1] Andrea Ledda, Gianni Belcaro, Maria R Cesarone, Mark Dugall, Frank Schönlau. Investigation of a complex plant extract for mild to moderate erectile dysfunction in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study. BJU Int. 2010 Feb 22. Epub 2010 Feb 22. PMID: 20184576
[2] Hiromitsu Aoki, Junji Nagao, Taro Ueda, Jeffry M Strong, Frank Schonlau, Song Yu-Jing, Yan Lu, Shigeo Horie. Clinical assessment of a supplement of Pycnogenol® and L-arginine in Japanese patients with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction. Phytother Res. 2012 Feb ;26(2):204-7. Epub 2011 May 27. PMID: 21618639
[3] Dai-Ja Jang, Myeong Soo Lee, Byung-Cheul Shin, Young-Cheoul Lee, Edzard Ernst. Red ginseng for treating erectile dysfunction: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Oct;66(4):444-50. Epub 2008 Jun 9. PMID: 18754850
[4] T Zenico, A F G Cicero, L Valmorri, M Mercuriali, E Bercovich. Subjective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) extract on well-being and sexual performances in patients with mild erectile dysfunction: a randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Andrologia. 2009 Apr;41(2):95-9. PMID: 19260845
[5] Bhat, R; Karim, AA (2010). "Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack): a review on its ethnobotany and pharmacological importance". Fitoterapia 81 (7): 669–79. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.04.006. PMID 20434529.
[6] P Zanoli, M Zavatti, C Montanari, M Baraldi. Influence of Eurycoma longifolia on the copulatory activity of sexually sluggish and impotent male rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Nov 12;126(2):308-13. Epub 2009 Aug 22. PMID: 19703544
[7] Hooi Hoon Ang, Kheng Leng Lee, Matsumoto Kiyoshi. Sexual arousal in sexually sluggish old male rats after oral administration of Eurycoma longifolia Jack. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;15(3-4):303-9. PMID: 15803965
[8] Ali Shamsa, Hossein Hosseinzadeh, Mahmood Molaei, Mohammad Taghi Shakeri, Omid Rajabi. Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on male erectile dysfunction: a pilot study. Phytomedicine. 2009 Aug;16(8):690-3. Epub 2009 May 9. PMID: 19427775
[9] Thierry Lebret, Jean-Marie Hervé, Philippe Gorny, Manuel Worcel, Henry Botto. Efficacy and safety of a novel combination of L-arginine glutamate and yohimbine hydrochloride: a new oral therapy for erectile dysfunction. Eur Urol. 2002 Jun;41(6):608-13; discussion 613. PMID: 12074777
[10] P G Adaikan, K Gauthaman, R N Prasad, S C Ng. Proerectile pharmacological effects of Tribulus terrestris extract on the rabbit corpus cavernosum. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2000 Jan;29(1):22-6. PMID: 10748960
[11] Sung Chul Kam, Jung Mo Do, Jae Hwi Choi, Byeong Tak Jeon, Gu Seob Roh, Jae Seog Hyun. In vivo and in vitro animal investigation of the effect of a mixture of herbal extracts from Tribulus terrestris and Cornus officinalis on penile erection. J Sex Med. 2012 Oct ;9(10):2544-51. Epub 2012 Aug 20. PMID: 22906304
[12] Kalamegam Gauthaman, Adaikan P Ganesan. The hormonal effects of Tribulus terrestris and its role in the management of male erectile dysfunction--an evaluation using primates, rabbit and rat. Phytomedicine. 2008 Jan;15(1-2):44-54. PMID: 18068966
[13] D Neves, M Assunção, F Marques, J P Andrade, H Almeida. Does regular consumption of green tea influence expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor in aged rat erectile tissue? Possible implications for vasculogenic erectile dysfunction progression. Age (Dordr). 2008 Dec;30(4):217-28. Epub 2008 Apr 18. PMID: 19424845
[14] Greenmedinfo.com, Green Tea Corrects Endothelial Dysfunction
[15] Johanna L Hannan, M Tina Maio, Marina Komolova, Michael A Adams. Beneficial impact of exercise and obesity interventions on erectile function and its risk factors. J Sex Med. 2009 Mar;6 Suppl 3:254-61. PMID: 19170860
[16] Hajime Kimata. Short-term improvement of erectile dysfunction by viewing humorous films in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Sex Med. 2008 Sep;5(9):2107-10. Epub 2008 Feb 4. PMID: 18266651
[17] Anita Clayton, Adrienne Keller, Elizabeth L McGarvey. Burden of phase-specific sexual dysfunction with SSRIs. J Affect Disord. 2006 Mar;91(1):27-32. Epub 2006 Jan 20. PMID: 16430968
Sayer Ji
Sayer Ji is founder of Greenmedinfo.com, a reviewer at the International Journal of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine, Co-founder and CEO of Systome Biomed, Vice Chairman of the Board of the National Health Federation, Steering Committee Member of the Global Non-GMO Foundation.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of GreenMedInfo or its staff.
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Thread: Gold prospecting in Philippines
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Oct 16, 2010, 06:55 PM Original Poster #1
mirajs57 mirajs57 is offline
cz
Oct 2010
4
Gold prospecting in Philippines
Is here somebody with good knowledge of Philippines? What are the best places for gold dredging, using of metal detectors, etc.
I have selected some places for visit during my vacation in February 2011 (Sibuyan, Compostella Valey, Surigao) whre some gold is. However, I accept advice from more experienced. (any good area to try metal detector?)
Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 19, 2010, 01:46 PM #2
lem49 lem49 is offline
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Mar 2010
Repuplic of Panama
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Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines
first, I do not know of areas in the phillipines, but a heads up thats important. When traveling in certain countries
you need to be extra careful, I know that the jungles in the phillipines harbor some unsavory, anti american militant
groups. In addition, when in countries where there is extreme poverty, you need to take care, that your detector
will be a magnet for bandits.
Using your detector at a beach in a heavy tourist area may be safer, but remember there are thieves who thrive on
tourist. of course thats almost everywhere, but in countries where there is much poverty more so.
Here in Panama if they know you are an american, its like you are walking around with a sign on your head that
says ATM. I am more fortunate as my wife is Panamanian, so she knows the ropes. Panama is a great place
for vacation, detecting the tourist areas of the miles of beach.
Prospecting for gold is a different game, need to go to the interior rural areas. There is a company called Panama
adventures, and one other that advertises vacations of gold prospecting. These would be safer bets. No I do not work for them
just a retired vet, whose been around the block.
best wishes and good luck
Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 19, 2010, 03:45 PM Original Poster #3
mirajs57 mirajs57 is offline
cz
Oct 2010
4
Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines
Yes, thank you for reply. Some area there are problems with rebels. Nice to know if anybody try metal detecting this country like me. I plan go there in March next year. I have a Philippine girlfriend, however she has no knowledge about gold.
Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 19, 2010, 10:05 PM #4
Gold_Striker Gold_Striker is offline
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Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines
(Finding gold)
Go to this site http://www.mindat.org/loc-21930.html >find your region on the map or find your prvovince in the list below>open all the links and find the ones that say major commodities gold or trace gold.
(my opinion)
Perhaps after seeing all the sites find the ones that seem safest or easiest to get to. As far as thieves I would suppose that yes they would be concentrated in the tourist areas or in places where they would have the best chance of finding a victim. I doubt being far away from a tourist area in the jungle somewhere they will be looking. Besides I bet you can hire a guide and they would be armed and know the lay of the land well.
I don't know about militants or political issues in country.
I would look into it contact the authorities in the area look up information on the area and so on. You might find a forum from there so you can speak with other people from where ever your going. I am sure there is a group of people like you there
If you tell me exactly where you will be going I will make a map of the area you want with only gold mines on a google map.
http://www.goldminingequipment.info
(Geology)
Gold is found along or near fault lines and is also found in certain types of rock. You can download google earth and then get a geologic overlay for the area you need.
Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 22, 2010, 02:02 PM Original Poster #5
mirajs57 mirajs57 is offline
cz
Oct 2010
4
Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines
Thank you for your reply.
I consider Cagayan de Oro district in Mindanao, Surigao, Sibuyan Island in Visayas. However, I can go anywhere except some hot areas in southern Mindanao or a NPA dominated areas in Bicol. The most important is that I need a proper place where gold is in suitable form. For instance, in Compostella Valley near Nabunturan the gold is dispersed in fine grain inside the rock. The panning or metal detecting is not possible. So for me is most important to look for place where the gold is in suitable sized nuggets.
Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 29, 2011, 11:40 PM #6
Numinen Numinen is offline
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Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines
Late reply for you but for others Camarines Norte is good if you like to hount for some Gold in Philippines!
Quote Originally Posted by mirajs57
Is here somebody with good knowledge of Philippines? What are the best places for gold dredging, using of metal detectors, etc.
I have selected some places for visit during my vacation in February 2011 (Sibuyan, Compostella Valey, Surigao) whre some gold is. However, I accept advice from more experienced. (any good area to try metal detector?)
Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 30, 2011, 07:48 AM #7
russau russau is offline
May 2005
St. Louis, missouri
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Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines
thats a nice place to go and get killed! what about the bandits/outlaws in the hills. i read about some people being kidnapped and held for ransom.
Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Nov 06, 2011, 12:26 AM #8
Numinen Numinen is offline
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Re: Gold prospecting in Philippines
Quote Originally Posted by russau
thats a nice place to go and get killed! what about the bandits/outlaws in the hills. i read about some people being kidnapped and held for ransom.
I´w yet not been kidnapped yet.
And there are always risks in life if you dont dare anything u got nothing to win as I see it!
Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Oct 08, 2012, 01:25 AM #9
juanwangy juanwangy is offline
ph
Oct 2012
2
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Good pm, does anybody know who has a, gold detector/scanner or ground penetrating device here located in Northern Mindanao? we have a site here in Mindanao that needs detecting. The place used to be a japanese barracks. we just want to make sure that we can pinpoint the exact location where we will dig.
Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Nov 03, 2013, 06:05 PM #10
dave sharky dave sharky is offline
Aug 2013
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lem 49 i,m in the Philippines and many people here have money those groups you talked about kill Philippines all so there are many ways to make money here if your broke here your very lazy i like it here i,m from USA your right all ways good to have some one with you i find silver coins from the USA war here it said united states of America on one side and a man neeling on the other side very nice as big as a us nickel or smaller.Most people here are very friendly you have punks or bad guys any where in the world the us is full of them be good all.
Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Nov 07, 2013, 07:02 AM #11
talim talim is offline
ph
Mr.
Nov 2013
Manila
6
All Types Of Treasure Hunting
Davao's mains product is GOLD, so there is plenty...
I have a friend not far away from Davao that finds some but need equipment to find more, a metal detector could be a good thing for a start.
Gold in river tends to hang in the curves, good places to explore dry river curves.
There are many reports about professional mining in Philippines on the net as well.
Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Dec 19, 2013, 07:41 AM #12
erictreasure erictreasure is offline
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Dec 2013
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I have a site here in the Visayan region and we have some positive signs engraved in the rock namely ( a heart shape, an F and an arrow). Our site also has a Japanese history. A lot of treasure hunters(korean and japanese) have been visiting our lot before and were very interested. Some of the koreans dug up some bones and brought it to korea. It is in the mountains and is near a river creek. A bomb was also found beside our lot and the bomb( water barrel size) was pointing to our lot. I would want to now if you have gadgets or a scanner that would be able to see the object and its depth. If possible, may I ask for your contact number. I am willing to negotiate it with you. Thank you very much. Happy Holidays and God bless you all.
Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Dec 19, 2013, 08:55 AM #13
omnicron omnicron is offline
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Talk about opening a dead thread...10.16.2010
Reply With Quote Reply With Quote Mar 07, 2015, 02:26 AM #14
Numinen Numinen is offline
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Lets Opend it again :-)
Four killed in CamSur over small mining row
Caramoan Mayor Jun Cordial, Vice Mayor Irene Breis and Barangay Gata Captain Mercy Sueno yesterday appealed for immediate assistance from the national government after Sagip Kalikasan personnel allegedly killed four barangay folk in the gold-rich island-barangay Gata in Caramoan, Camarines Sur.
The killings took place after Sagip Kalikasan personnel were said to have harassed residents over small mining in Barangay Gata. This prompted the local folk to apply for a “minahan ng bayan permit” from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
While the permit was being processed, the MGB issued a temporary permit through DENR-MGB personnel Marcel Pestaño so that the residents of Gata could support their livelihood and maintain order in the area.
Because of this, the barangay residents were able to continue their small mining activities which had been their livelihood since World War II.
Irked by this development, the Camarines Sur Sagip Kalikasan personnel in Gata, Caramoan headed by Eco Tria yesterday insisted that the barangay residents should halt their mining operations.
In response, Barangay Captain Mercy Sueno presented the temporary permit of the barangay residents and asked the Sagip Kalikasan personnel to present documents that would prove their presence in the was legal.
Tria asserted that they were there under the orders of Gov. Luis Miguel Villafuerte. He presented a document which showed that the Sagip Kalikasan personnel were allowed to conduct a checkpoint.
The lady barangay captain questioned the document by saying that it does not apply in the island barangay since checkpoints are conducted on roads.
Tria asked the barangay residents to wait as he would confer with “higher” officials.
Tria left the barangay but returned with about 20 Sagip Kalikasan personnel. They allegedly pointed their guns at the barangay residents engaged in mining.
When the barangay residents felt they had no choice but to fight, the Sagip Kalikasan personnel allegedly opened fire, instantly killing four residents, with one victim hit in the eye.
This prompted the municipal officials headed by Mayor Constantino Cordial and Vice Mayor Irene Breis to reiterate their request for the national government to intervene.
Municipal officials of Caramoan question the presence and illegal activities of the provincial government’s Sagip Kalikasan in the island which conducts its own gold-mining activities.
Four killed in CamSur over small mining row
4 deaths expose gold mining in Caramoan | Bicol Mail
Environment men tagged in miners? slay | Inquirer News
Be avere of the guys the guvenour Villa fuerte has in this area nighter thy or their boss is among the friendliest or most trustworthiest in in Cam Sur
Dispite this I would say the area is defenitly intresting for anyone who likes a good alluvial gold adventure.
Last edited by Numinen; Mar 07, 2015 at 02:32 AM.
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If these acids are not balanced, the inflammation will increase due to the production of cytokines produced by the cellular membranes. The ratio of omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids in the western diet is 30:1. This diet is extremely high on omega 6 fatty acids and this is really concerning. This type of diet increases the weight and the risk of diabetes and heart diseases. Increasing the intake of processed foods increases the risk of cancer, diabetes, obesity and heart disease. The only way to lower the risk of developing some of these diseases is to change the diet and start consuming more natural foods. In order to improve the overall health and to reduce and eliminate inflammation the main thing to do is to avoid processed foods and consume home cooked meals with plenty of natural ingredients, vegetables and fruits. EART SURGEON REVEALS THE REAL CAUSE OF HEART DISEASE! Health Tips
For decades doctors and surgeons have claimed that high cholesterol is the cause of heart diseases. All this time, high cholesterols was treated with medications for reducing the levels of cholesterol and with diet based on low fat intake. But, scientists have recently discovered that heart disease is not caused by high cholesterol levels. The real cause is something way different from cholesterol.
This recent research showed that the real reason for heart disease is arterial inflammation. This discovery shook up the medical community. The dietary recommendations have created even bigger problems because they resulted in a worldwide epidemic of diabetes and obesity. The statistics show that in the USA only, ¼ of the adult population takes medications for lowering the cholesterol or statins. The same data also show that in the USA 75 million citizens suffer from heart disease and 20 million from diabetes. Each year the number of young patients suffering from heart disease is rising and this is clearly showing that cholesterol is not the reason for this type of diseases.
The real cause is the inflammation. The inflammation is actually very beneficial because it`s the natural reaction of the body to invaders. Since we are constantly exposed to toxins the body is not able to fight and process all the foreign invaders and the inflammation becomes chronic. This condition has direct consequences to the health and heart.
Unfortunately, we are the ones causing the chronic inflammation with the unhealthy lifestyle and unhealthy diet. The constant consumption of inflammatory products and foods rich in fat and sugar is harmful for the health. This type of diet leads to development of chronic inflammation and different diseases like diabetes and heart diseases. Another factor for the increased numbers of heart disease patients is the low fat diet which is highly recommended as a treatment for high cholesterol levels.
The unhealthy foods that we all consume almost daily are causing big damage to our health. It doesn’t matter where and how the inflammation is caused, what matters is that the inflammation can and will damage the health seriously. These types of foods affect the arteries and bit by bit the inflammation increases and serious medical conditions occur as a result.
The cinnamon rolls, for example, are maybe the worst food for the health. They contain high amounts of carbs and sugar which increase the risk of many medical conditions and diseases. The consumption of sweets and sugar increases the levels of sugar in the blood vary fast. This causes the pancreas to produce insulin which is a hormone that regulates the levels of glucose in the blood. This causes a chain reaction. The constant intake of sugar makes the pancreas to produce high amounts of insulin which results in high amounts of glucose which, on the other hand, gets converted into fat. The sugar molecules attach themselves to the proteins which can damage the artery walls causing increase of the inflammation and in time it can damage the blood vessels beyond repair.
The sweet rolls also contain high amounts of omega 6 fatty acids because they are usually baked in soybean oil. This type of oil contains high amounts of these acids which are used for increasing the shelf life of the products. Although omega 6 acids are beneficial, they must be in perfect balance in the body with the omega 3 acids. If these acids are not balanced, the inflammation will increase due to the production of cytokines produced by the cellular membranes.
The ratio of omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids in the western diet is 30:1. This diet is extremely high on omega 6 fatty acids and this is really concerning. This type of diet increases the weight and the risk of diabetes and heart diseases.
Increasing the intake of processed foods increases the risk of cancer, diabetes, obesity and heart disease. The only way to lower the risk of developing some of these diseases is to change the diet and start consuming more natural foods. In order to reduce and eliminate the inflammation consume more carbs from vegetables and fruits and use olive oil or grass-fed butter instead of sunflower or soybean oils for cooking.
Animal fat or saturated fat shouldn’t be excluded from the diet because they don’t cause heart diseases. They contain low amounts of omega 6 acids, so they don’t cause inflammation. Saturated fat doesn’t affect and increase the levels of cholesterol in the blood also.
The low fat diet has caused much worse conditions. Controlling the cholesterol with this diet has increased the numbers of heart diseases patients worldwide. In order to improve the overall health and to reduce and eliminate inflammation the main thing to do is to avoid processed foods and consume home cooked meals with plenty of natural ingredients, vegetables and fruits.
Current Issue > vol. 113 no. 39 > Barbara A. Maher, 10797–10801, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1605941113
Significance
We identify the abundant presence in the human brain of magnetite nanoparticles that match precisely the high-temperature magnetite nanospheres, formed by combustion and/or friction-derived heating, which are prolific in urban, airborne particulate matter (PM). Because many of the airborne magnetite pollution particles are <200 nm in diameter, they can enter the brain directly through the olfactory nerve and by crossing the damaged olfactory unit. This discovery is important because nanoscale magnetite can respond to external magnetic fields, and is toxic to the brain, being implicated in production of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Because enhanced ROS production is causally linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, exposure to such airborne PM-derived magnetite nanoparticles might need to be examined as a possible hazard to human health.
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Abstract
Biologically formed nanoparticles of the strongly magnetic mineral, magnetite, were first detected in the human brain over 20 y ago [Kirschvink JL, Kobayashi-Kirschvink A, Woodford BJ (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(16):7683–7687]. Magnetite can have potentially large impacts on the brain due to its unique combination of redox activity, surface charge, and strongly magnetic behavior. We used magnetic analyses and electron microscopy to identify the abundant presence in the brain of magnetite nanoparticles that are consistent with high-temperature formation, suggesting, therefore, an external, not internal, source. Comprising a separate nanoparticle population from the euhedral particles ascribed to endogenous sources, these brain magnetites are often found with other transition metal nanoparticles, and they display rounded crystal morphologies and fused surface textures, reflecting crystallization upon cooling from an initially heated, iron-bearing source material. Such high-temperature magnetite nanospheres are ubiquitous and abundant in airborne particulate matter pollution. They arise as combustion-derived, iron-rich particles, often associated with other transition metal particles, which condense and/or oxidize upon airborne release. Those magnetite pollutant particles which are <∼200 nm in diameter can enter the brain directly via the olfactory bulb. Their presence proves that externally sourced iron-bearing nanoparticles, rather than their soluble compounds, can be transported directly into the brain, where they may pose hazard to human health.
brain magnetite magnetite pollution particles Alzheimer's disease combustion-derived nanoparticles airborne particulate matter
Magnetic analyses of human brain samples have identified the presence of nanoparticles of magnetite, a strongly magnetic (ferrimagnetic) mixed Fe2+/Fe3+ iron oxide (1⇓–3). Based on their nanoscale dimensions and euhedral (cubo-octahedral or prismatic) crystal shapes, these magnetite nanoparticles are thought to have formed by biological processes (1, 4), via in situ crystallization, possibly within the 8-nm-diameter cores of the iron storage protein, ferritin (e.g., ref. 5).
The specific presence of magnetite in the brain is important because it has been causally linked with potential cellular responses to external magnetic fields (e.g., in magnetic resonance imaging studies) (1), aging (6), and with neurodegenerative disease (e.g., refs. 2, 3, and 7). Previous work has shown a correlation between the amount of brain magnetite and the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (2, 3). Neuropathological changes associated with AD include the formation of senile plaques, containing β-amyloid fibrils (e.g., refs. 8, and 9). When associated with redox-active transition metal ions, such as Fe2+ ions, β-amyloid can generate damaging reactive oxygen species, directly contributing to oxidative brain damage, a key early feature of AD (e.g., refs. 8⇓–10). Magnetite nanoparticles have been found directly associated with AD plaques and tangles (e.g., refs. 11⇓–13). In vitro experimental data show that magnetite acts synergistically to enhance the toxicity of β-amyloid (7).
We used magnetometry, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis to examine the mineralogy, morphology, and composition of magnetic nanoparticles in and from the frontal cortex of 37 human brain samples, obtained from subjects who lived in Mexico City (14) (29 cases; ages 3 to 85 y; two females) and in Manchester, UK (8 cases; ages 62 to 92 y; five females; Tables S1 and S2). These brain magnetites display compelling similarity with the magnetite nanospheres formed by combustion, which are ubiquitous and prolific in urban, airborne particulate matter (PM) (15⇓⇓⇓–19). We report here identification of the presence in human brain tissue of magnetite nanoparticles with an external, rather than an endogenous, source.
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Table S1.
Summary of Mexico City cases studied
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Table S2.
Summary of Manchester cases studied
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Results
To quantify brain magnetic content, a cryogenic magnetometer was used to measure, at room and low temperature (77 K), the saturation magnetic remanence (SIRM) of frontal tissue samples, initially fresh-frozen and subsequently freeze-dried. The SIRM 77 K captures the magnetic contribution of ferrimagnetic grains that are so small (<∼20 nm) as to be magnetically unstable (superparamagnetic) at room temperature. The magnetic brain particles were then examined directly, by HRTEM and EDX analyses both of ultrathin tissue sections and of magnetically extracted particles, after tissue digestion with the proteolytic enzyme, papain. Every analytical step was designed and monitored to preclude any possible magnetic contamination.
The brain magnetic analyses identify the presence in all of the samples of strongly magnetic, easily magnetized nanoparticles, with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 12 µg/g dry tissue (Fig. S1). The sample magnetic properties are dominated by behavior characteristic of interacting clusters of ferrimagnetic magnetite or maghemite (Fig. S2). Although highest brain magnetite concentrations (>10 µg/g dry tissue) are seen in many of the oldest cases, several of the much younger Mexico City cases, some exposed to high ambient concentrations of fine-grained (<2.5 µm aerodynamic diameter) airborne PM, also display high ferrimagnetic concentrations. Indeed, the highest brain magnetite content is found in a 32-y-old Mexico City resident (Fig. S1).
Fig. S1.
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Fig. S1.
SIRM 77 K (10−6 A m2/kg) and estimated magnetite concentration (micrograms per gram) for frontal cortex samples versus age at death, Mexico City and Manchester cases. The annual mean airborne PM2.5 concentration (micrograms per cubic meter) is given for the residence area of the Mexican cases (inside each data symbol); SIRM values for gray (g) and white (w) matter are given for the Manchester cases, together with their clinical diagnosis upon death (CAA, cerebral amyloid angiopathy; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; see Tables S1 and S2).
Fig. S2.
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Fig. S2.
Magnetic analyses of brain tissue samples (freeze-dried): (A) acquisition of isothermal (RT) remanent magnetization in applied DC fields from 5 mT to 1 T. All samples acquire most of their magnetization at fields < 100 mT, indicating the dominant presence of ferrimagnetic minerals (e.g., magnetite and/or maghemite). The magnetically softest sample (the Mexico City case to the left of all remaining samples) has the highest SIRM value (case 282). (B) Measurement of LT remanence (77 K, DC field 1 T) upon warming to RT, showing the thermal unblocking of the superparamagnetic particles. (C) Comparison between the brain samples and sized, synthetic magnetites of known grain size and degree of dispersion (37), as measured by the RT ARM, normalized by the SIRM, plotted against the median destructive field of the ARM (MDFARM, in milliteslas). All of the measurable brain samples fall within the region of the least-dispersed synthetic, submicrometer magnetites, indicating magnetic interactions, and hence agglomeration/clustering of some of the brain magnetite particles.
HRTEM and EELS analyses of the tissue sections identify the presence within frontal cells of magnetite, occurring as two distinct types of nanoparticle (Fig. 1 and Figs. S3 and S4). The majority of particles display rounded, even spherical morphologies (Fig. 1A, with higher magnification in Fig. 1B, and Fig. 1F), with diameters between 10 and 150 nm (Fig. S5). The additional presence in the brain cells of other transition metal nanoparticles, containing Pt, Ni, and Co (and possibly Cu), is identified by EELS (Fig. S6) and EDX (Figs. S7 and S8). These rounded magnetites contrast strongly with the angular, cubo-octahedral magnetite crystals also observed (relatively very rarely) within the brain tissue samples (Fig. 1C, and with higher magnification in Fig. 1D).
Fig. 1.
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Fig. 1.
Transmission electron micrographs of brain thin sections, identifying two distinct types of magnetite morphologies within frontal cells: (A and F) rounded particles (A shown at higher magnification in B); and (C) angular, euhedral particles, which we attribute to endogenous formation (particles from C shown at higher magnification in D). (E) EELS spectra (in blue) for the rounded particle shown in F and for standard iron oxide species. The position of the Fe−L3 edge absorption peak, the broad feature of the Fe−L2 (compared with the sharp edges, arrowed, of the fully oxidized Fe3+ phases), and the integrated areas of the L3/L2 (5.5) and the Fe/O (0.56) are all consistent with magnetite (also see Figs. S3 and S4).
Fig. S3.
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Fig. S3.
(A) High-angle annular diffraction and (B) dark-field TEM micrographs showing spherical magnetic nanoparticles in brain tissues. (C) Fe−L2,3 EELS spectra of nanoparticles identified in the selected areas (boxes 1 through 4) showing the absence of any preedges (see hematite, goethite, and ferrihydrite preedge at ∼708.8 eV), Fe−L3 edges centered at 708 eV, and broad Fe−L2 features characteristic of magnetite, compared with the Fe−L2,3 EELS spectra (D) of standard magnetite, siderite, hematite, goethite, and two-line ferrihydrite.
Fig. S4.
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Fig. S4.
Fe−L2,3-edge spectra of magnetic particles found in brain samples. The Fe−L3 and Fe−L2 edges in all three samples are at 708.7 to 709.8 eV and 72 to 723 eV, in excellent agreement with the chemical shift in EELS spectra for the magnetite structure (also see Fig. S3).
Fig. S5.
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Fig. S5.
Particle size distribution of magnetic particles in brain magnetic extracts. Particle size measurements were carried out on all of the HRTEM micrographs collected from six brain magnetic extracts from different subjects. The ImageJ software package was used to describe the imaged particles (spherical and nonspherical) in terms of the longest and shortest diameters, perimeter projected area, or equivalent spherical diameter.
Fig. S6.
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Fig. S6.
(A) Co−L2,3 EELS spectra of cobalt (II, III) oxide nanoparticles associated with magnetite particles in brain tissues. Co−L3 and Co−L2 edges from different areas of a brain tissue sample (B) are centered at ∼780 and ∼796 eV, respectively, in a good match with an EELS spectrum of a standard cobalt (II,III) oxide.
Fig. S7.
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Fig. S7.
EDX analysis of metal-bearing NPs in brain tissue samples, showing presence of Fe, Ni, and Co (and possibly Cu, with the caveat that the samples were mounted on holey carbon films on Cu grids).
Fig. S8.
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Fig. S8.
EDX analysis of metal-bearing NPs in brain tissue samples, showing the presence of Fe, Ni, Pt, Co, and, possibly, Cu.
Crystallographic analysis of the particles within the tissue sections is difficult (due to rapid carbon buildup under the microscope electron beam). We therefore examined magnetically extracted (20) brain particles, to more fully characterize their mineralogy, surface textures, and particle size distribution. In accord with the observations on the untreated tissue samples, many of the extracted particles display rounded to spherical morphologies (Fig. 2 and Figs. S7–S10). In particular, some have fused surface crystallites (Fig. 2H) that would be very difficult to reconcile with low-temperature growth or dissolution formation processes. Indexing of the lattice fringes of the HRTEM of these particles is consistent with the magnetite crystal structure (Fig. 2 C, E, and G). Some surface oxidation toward its oxidized counterpart, maghemite, is evident (Fig. 2I). The particle size distribution of the rounded brain magnetite particles is notably broad, with a median (longest) diameter of 18 nm and maximum diameter of ∼150 nm (Fig. S5). Such dimensions greatly exceed those of nanoparticles formed within the 8-nm diameter of ferritin cores (5).
Fig. 2.
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Fig. 2.
Transmission electron micrographs of rounded particles magnetically extracted from human brain samples: (A, D, F, and H) Mexico City cases; (B) Manchester case. (H) A large (∼150-nm diameter) spherical particle with fused, interlocking magnetite/maghemite surface crystallites. (C, E, and G) Indexing of the lattice fringes of the brain particles is consistent with the (400) reflection of magnetite and (I) mixed magnetite and maghemite of selected areas 1–5 in H.
Fig. S9.
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Fig. S9.
(A–I) A collection of HRTEM micrographs of magnetite particles, extracted from brain tissues, showing dominant rounded morphologies. (C) Micrograph shows fused magnetite particles, and (D and E) micrographs show aggregated magnetite particles.
Fig. S10.
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Fig. S10.
(A) HRTEM micrograph of magnetically extracted magnetite particles from brain tissues. (B−D) FFT patterns of selected areas (1, 2, and 3, respectively) featuring a single crystal (B) and magnetite particles superimposed at ∼90° (C and D).
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Discussion
The geometric, angular particles resemble the in situ, biogenic magnetite previously reported (1, 4); we thus ascribe these euhedral magnetite particles to endogenous formation. The rounded magnetite nanoparticles (up to ∼150-nm diameter, with distinctive surface textures, and cooccurring with other PM-associated metals, including Pt) have not been identified previously in brain tissue sections. Apparently similar spherical structures, with diameters of 8 to 50 nm, have been found recently within amyloid plaque cores isolated from human brain (13) but were attributed to a biological rather than an external pollution-derived source. However, the surface textures, size, and size distribution of the spherical magnetites identified in our study, and the cooccurrence of PM-associated transition metal nanoparticles, are all inconsistent with the characteristics of biogenically formed magnetite (1, 4, 12). They bear compelling resemblance, instead, to the rounded/spherical magnetite nanoparticles (nanospheres) that are both ubiquitous and prolific within airborne, high-temperature (combustion-derived) PM (15⇓⇓⇓–19, 21). The rounded shapes of these airborne, PM-derived magnetites (Fig. 3 and Fig. S11), and fusing of interlocking, surface crystallites (Fig. 3 C and D), reflect their high-temperature sources, and their subsequent crystallization, upon rapid cooling and/or oxidation, as Fe-rich nanospheres. Depending on PM source(s) (vehicular, subway, industrial, indoor), other transition metals are often coassociated with magnetite and other pollution nanoparticles (15⇓–17, 19). Pt release, for instance, is associated with increasing vehicular use of catalytic converters (e.g., ref. 22). Frictional heating, e.g., of brake pads, can also produce high-temperature magnetite nanoparticles (21). Magnetite can arise from combustion of many types of organic matter, depending on heating temperature and atmosphere, and source Fe content (23⇓–25).
Fig. 3.
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Fig. 3.
TEM/scanning EM micrographs of anthropogenic (combustion-derived), magnetically extracted airborne particles. (A, shown at higher magnification in B) Magnetite nanoparticles from airborne PM (<10 µm), from Cable Street, Lancaster, United Kingdom (March 2009), sampled with a cascade impactor. Many particles display rounded profiles; some are fused together. (C and D) Spherical magnetite particles, Didcot power station, comprising fused magnetite particles (note the variable lattice orientations in C and the fused surface crystallites in D).
Fig. S11.
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Fig. S11.
TEM image of magnetite nanoparticles captured from the exhaust plume of a diesel engine. Adapted from ref. 19.
Although PM mass has conventionally been used for setting of legislative airborne PM concentration limits, it is possible that ultrafine particle size and number are of greater significance in terms of mortality (26) and health impacts (e.g., ref. 27). Our magnetic measurements of roadside airborne PM [in Lancaster, United Kingdom (28)] indicate magnetite particle numbers equivalent to ∼2.01 × 108 m−3 of roadside air, for ∼50-nm-sized magnetite particles, for an ambient PM10 concentration of ∼40 µg⋅m−3 (compared, for example, with the annual mean PM10 for Mexico City of between ∼30 and 70 µg⋅m−3).
The abundant combustion-derived magnetite particles found in airborne PM can range widely in size, from less than 5 nm to more than 1 µm (15⇓–17, 19). Those particles of nanoscale dimensions, requiring analysis by transmission rather than scanning electron microscopy, have, until recently, received less attention than the larger, often more heterogenous spherules. Magnetite nanospheres up to ≾≾ 200 nm can have a direct entry route to the brain through the axons of the olfactory nerve, as suggested by experimental studies on carbon (29) and TiO2 nanoparticles (30), and the reported presence of NPs in the olfactory bulb of some Mexico City cases (14, 31⇓–33).
Although many of the highly magnetic brain samples come from the older Manchester cases (>65 y at death), especially those with severe to moderate AD, equivalent or higher magnetite concentrations are also displayed by young (<40 y at death) Mexico City residents, especially those exposed to high PM2.5 levels (annual mean ≳≳25 µg⋅m−3). Increased metals content and AD neuropathological hallmarks have been found in young human brains exposed to high airborne PM2.5 concentrations in Mexico City (14, 33). However, it was not previously known if the presence of metals in AD brains was due to transport to the brain of nanoparticles themselves or of their solubilized compounds. Our HRTEM results provide compelling evidence for the presence of externally sourced magnetite, and other metal-bearing nanoparticles in the frontal cortex of both the Mexico City and Manchester cases. It is notable that less than 5% of AD cases are directly inherited, indicating that nongenetic (environmental) factors, and/or gene/environment interactions, are likely playing a major role in initiating and/or promoting the disease. Jung et al. (34) found a 138% risk of increase of AD per increase of 4.34 μg⋅m−3 in PM2.5 over a 9-y follow-up period in 95,690 individuals in Taiwan. It is not yet understood which PM properties (e.g., size, number, mineralogy, and associated chemical species) contribute most to toxic effects (e.g., ref. 35). Our preliminary magnetic results regarding both PM exposure and AD are thus both intriguing and warrant more intensive study. Because of their combination of ultrafine size, specific brain toxicity, and ubiquity within airborne PM, pollution-derived magnetite nanoparticles might require consideration as a possible AD risk factor. In addition to occupational settings [including, for example, exposure to printer toner powders (36)], higher concentrations of magnetite pollution nanoparticles are likely to arise in the indoor environment from open fires (25) or poorly sealed stoves used for cooking and/or heating, and in the outdoor environment from vehicle (especially diesel) and/or industrial PM sources.
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Materials and Methods
Brain Samples. Fresh, frozen brain tissues were obtained from 38 individuals (Tables S1 and S2), 9 from the Manchester Brain Bank (ethical review and approval by the Manchester Brain Bank Management Committee and the Newcastle and North Tyneside I Regional Ethics Committee) and 29 from Mexico City, from forensic cases (fatal accidents) with no identifiable personal data, not meeting the regulatory definition of human subject research (University of Montana Institutional Review Board). A block (∼25 g) of tissue was cut from the frontal lobes; subsamples were cut using nonmagnetic [polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)] instruments. The Manchester samples were dissected into gray (nine samples) and white (eight samples) matter.
To preclude any contamination, or operator bias, samples were handled with nonmagnetic instruments in a laminar flow clean bench environment and measured blind to diagnostics, and sample holder remanences were removed. The tissue samples were freeze-dried and placed in polystyrene sample holders (10 cc) for magnetic measurements.
Magnetic Analyses. Magnetic measurements were made at the Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Paleomagnetism, Lancaster University, using superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry. Room-temperature isothermal remanent magnetizations (IRMs) (Fig. S2A) were measured with a GM400 Cryogenic Magnetometer (mean background noise level 5.9 ×10−11 A2; Cryogenic Consultants Ltd.); Low-temperature IRMs were measured (Fig. S2B) at temperatures between 293 and 77 K (±0.5 K) on a single-axis magnetic property measurement system XL magnetometer (Quantum Design). To identify magnetic grain sizes and/or magnetic interactions (37), anhysteretic remanence (ARM) was induced in a decaying (100 mT, peak) alternating magnetic field (af), with a small superimposed direct current (DC) field (0.08 mT), and subsequently af-demagnetized (Fig. S2C). Stepwise remanence acquisition was measured with incremental application of DC fields of 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, and 300 mT and 1 T. The samples were cooled to 77 K and subjected to an applied DC field, 1 T, and their remanence was measured as they warmed to room temperature.
Tissue Sections.
Magnetically extracted particles. A subset of samples (six tissue samples, and one blank without any tissue) was subjected to a magnetic extraction procedure, designed to maximize removal of submicrometer ferrimagnets (20). All reagents were prepared from ultrapurity Milli-Q water and prefiltered (<0.1 µm PTFE membrane filter) to preclude any particulate contamination; all instruments and sample holders were nonmagnetic (PTFE and polystyrene, respectively).
Papain from papaya latex (twice-crystallized; Sigma) was solubilized in 50 mM sodium acetate (prefiltered and magnetically measured multiple times to demonstrably preclude magnetic contamination). The tissue samples were digested overnight in papain at 65 °C and at fixed pH 7.0 ± 0.02, in a strictly oxygen-free environment inside a particulate-clean laboratory. The resultant suspension was circulated continuously (2 to 3 d, with a peristaltic pump) past a magnetized probe, producing a high field gradient at its tip (maximum field ∼40 mT). The magnetically extracted particles were mounted on holey carbon films on carbon-coated copper grids for transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
HRTEM, EELS, and EDX. Electron microscopy was conducted on two instruments, a JEOL ARM200cF and an FEI Tecnai F20, operated at 200 kV. A Gatan Quantum spectrometer was used for EELS in scanning TEM (STEM) mode. Due to rapid carbon buildup under the electron beam, only point acquisition spectra were collected; each spectrum typically summed from several spectra from each nanoparticle and from multiple nanoparticles. This procedure also minimized the electron dose experienced by individual nanoparticles and ensured that their chemical reduction was avoided. Time-dependent observations did not reveal any obvious structural or spectroscopic changes to the nanoparticles within the acquisition time (but were observed under prolonged exposure), and we conclude that the EELS data presented are representative of the nanoparticles' as-formed chemistry. EELS data were processed in Python using Hyperspy package. To determine dominant lattice spacings, fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) of high-resolution micrographs were compared with a simulated diffraction pattern of face-centered cubic magnetite (space group Fd3¯mFd3¯m, no. 227, a = 8.3941 Å), and maghemite (space group P4332, no. 212, a = 8.3457 Å). Sample sensitivity under STEM imaging precluded elemental mapping by EDX.
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Acknowledgments
We appreciate the reviewers’ comments, which improved our manuscript. We thank Dr. Zabeada Aslam for her technical help, Dr. Mark Taylor (University of Lancaster) and Angelica Gonzalez-Maciel (Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City) for assistance with tissue subsampling, and the University of Leeds Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council-funded Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Facility for access to the HRTEM. We acknowledge the support of the Manchester Brain Bank by Alzheimer’s Research UK and Alzheimer’s Society through their funding of Brains for Dementia Research initiative, and service support costs from Medical Research Council.
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Footnotes
1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: b.maher@lancaster.ac.uk.
Author contributions: B.A.M. designed research; B.A.M., I.A.M.A., V.K., and D.A.M. performed research; P.G.F. and D.A. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; B.A.M., I.A.M.A., V.K., D.A.M., D.M.A.M., R.T.-J., and L.C.-G. analyzed data; B.A.M. wrote the paper; D.M.A.M. provided brain tissue samples and medical diagnosis data; R.T.-J. provided airborne PM data; and L.C.-G. provided brain tissue samples.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. Y.R. is a Guest Editor invited by the Editorial Board.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1605941113/-/DCSupplemental.
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References
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Wednesday, September 6, 2017
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones. When used as a medication, it is known as hydrocortisone. It is produced in humans by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex within the adrenal gland. Wikipedia Formula: C21H30O5 Molar mass: 362.46 g/mol CAS ID: 50-23-7 ChEBI ID: 17650 ChemSpider ID: 5551 PubChem CID: 5754 People also search for: Cortisone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, MORE
What is cortisol? Cortisol is a steroid hormone, one of the glucocorticoids, made in the cortex of the adrenal glands and then released into the blood, which transports it all round the body. Almost every cell contains receptors for cortisol and so cortisol can have lots of different actions depending on which sort of cells it is acting upon. These effects include controlling the body’s blood sugar levels and thus regulating metabolism, acting as an anti-inflammatory, influencing memory formation, controlling salt and water balance, influencing blood pressure and helping development of the foetus. In many species cortisol is also responsible for triggering the processes involved in giving birth. A similar version of this hormone, known as corticosterone, is produced by rodents, birds and reptiles.
Posted by Oscar del Rosario at 12:40 AM
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The world's first Indoor Shrimp Production System (ISPS)
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Published on Feb 14, 2017
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This video was created in Dec. 2010. Organization name , statistics , all figure and tables are as of the time of publication.
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Erratum: caption at 01:24,
Error: Marine Shrimp: more than 1 billion dollars
Correct: Marine Shrimp: more than 10 billion dollars
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Toring Turbine d.o.o.
Toring Turbine d.o.o.
3 months ago
Very encouraging results. Would you like to increase the growth of shrimp? We have a good solution for you. Our company Toring Turbine LLC, introduces in the world its new aeration system, Toring Turbine aerator, called TT200, which increases the efficiency by 5 to 7 x, from existing aerators at the moment on the market. The system savings up to 60% of electricity. Maintenance of the system is minimal. We will gladly send you more information and references. Contact us at www.toring.com. Best regards, Xenia from Toring Turbine
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ART DRISCOLL
ART DRISCOLL
3 months ago
can you send me more information. i want to start this here in NY.
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3
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Durwood M. Dugger
Durwood M. Dugger
5 months ago (edited)
By far NOT the firs -t by several decades - the first indoor shrimp production systems. Not even the first in Japan I suspect.
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2
Benja's Uber 1337 Hobby
Benja's Uber 1337 Hobby
1 week ago
New sub I liked your video :) This is really cool. Thank you so much for sharing :)
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1
Chee Keong Ng
Chee Keong Ng
1 week ago
Interested to start this in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Pls contact me if there is any business's opportunity. I currently own land base shrimp farm in Sabah. Malaysia.
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Russell Raposa
Russell Raposa
3 weeks ago
Gotta love sewage treatment plants that people eat
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1
Jose Carlos Gomez Cevallos
Jose Carlos Gomez Cevallos
2 days ago
please could you tell me in the minute 7:24 it says that the pools can produce 24 to 40 tons of shrimp annually it refers that each pool or both together ?? thanks
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Geoff Beach
Geoff Beach
3 days ago
Good luck...
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SuperButch888
SuperButch888
5 days ago
GMO.....tsk tsk tsk
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2001lextalionis
2001lextalionis
5 days ago
Hello and thank you for the video, but it is NOT the first shrimp production system. False claims create a bad impression
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Luke
Luke
1 week ago
Very informative video. Good Initiative by Japan :)
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2017
2017
1 week ago
Immediate Subscribed. Very Interest. How to start this in Riau - Indonesia? Please advise. Thanks
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C Mott
C Mott
1 week ago
What is cultured? Canada has zero. 1:51.
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Butter Bean
Butter Bean
1 week ago
not for sure but I have heard these shrimp are prone to disease do to filtration? I'm looking into this myself but want to make sure its safe,.
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WILSON QUINDE
WILSON QUINDE
1 month ago
The shrimp white legs is a Litopenaeus vannamei of Ecuador in Sudamerica
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1
alexzl169
alexzl169
1 month ago
